English Technical Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English Technical Writing - Assignment Example For example, in the customer service division, a secondary expert in divisional support for this area should grant recognition and approval that the activities associated with a job function are accurate and up-to-date on current role. If the organization is attempt to map out a step-by-step procedure manual for a technology support function, expertise in systems training and development should be consulted as a primary resource to support the job role claims. Procedure manuals can be developed for virtually any industry and be built to describe the functions of a variety of job functions. In an academic environment, these manuals can identify meeting protocol for executives associated with corporate policy or those outlined by senior decision-makers that govern knowledge and education. Either internally or externally, some form of consulting expert should give final approvals for the step-by-step guide or improve on what has been inferred from existing data. Mapping is part of the p lanning process and the actual gathering of support materials to assist in drawing a job or functional map of a system.

Over all Impacts of Hobby Lobby Case Essay Example for Free

Over all Impacts of Hobby Lobby Case Essay As the Supreme Court has ruled against the ObamaCare mandate recently, commonly referred as the The Affordable Care Act (ACA), many of the religious communities are overwhelmed about the decision and take it as a victory whereas others are outraged about this situation as women community will be greatly affected by the rulings of the court. It is a setback for the women society that in the name of religious liberty they will be deprived of their medical concerned issues. The companies that consist of religious ideology will be able to legitimize something that may harm others. Certainly these events will have constant series of effects on the society and as well as some changes may also occur in the legislation relating to ObamaCare. Obamacare covers twenty types of birth control, upon four of them; the court has objected (Tom Cohen, 2014). Hobby lobby states that it is showing efforts to provide religious freedom but majority of the public don’t agree with this statement. Instead people are outraged that it is interfering in their personal lives. It will not let them exercise there constitutional rights. Moreover they would be forced to obey or practice something that they don’t agree upon. People will not tolerate that there liberty and freedom will be in risk. Soon the similar types of entities like Hobby Lobby will be legitimizing discrimination against gays and lesbians by businesses (Salon.com, 2014). Defintly it would be unethical of doing so because what kind of an individual is having relationships is their personal right. In the name of faith and religion they will be creating barriers in there jobs and at work places. On the stance of ethical issues, the question arises about the religious liberty. Will it really make us a good Christian or minimizing our choices and freedom? It will be unacceptable by the public that the Supreme Court has legalized something that creates discrimination and deprives women from their medical rights. Indeed it is a biased decision made by the Supreme Court. In the light of the decisions made, employees of any company will be obliged to practice the religious beliefs practiced by their owners. Common people have a religious perspective that, every individual is responsible for his or her own deeds and will be answerable to God. But the decision that has been taken in this case by the court will certainly snatch the liberty from the company’s employees. Upper management will be able to force their religious beliefs and customs down the throats  of their employees. On the other hand, the decision will have negative effects on the women employees as majority of them may have a chance of suffering from medical problems for example in case of ovarian cancer, ovarian cysts, they won’t be able to get enough or no treatment because of the objection of contraceptives. Thousands of women employees of these companies would have to pay double or be out of their birth control plan (Tom Cohen, 2014). It would be unethical for the companies for interfering in their employee’s private personal medical matters. References Tom Cohen, C. (2014). Hobby Lobby ruling much more than abortion. CNN. Retrieved 4 October 2014, from http://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/02/politics/scotus-hobby-lobby-impacts/ Salon.com,. (2014). Hobby Lobbyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s secret agenda: How ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quietly funding a vast right-wing movement. Retrieved 4 October 2014, from http://www.salon.com/2014/03/27/hobby_lobbys_secret_agenda_how_its_secretly_funding_a_vast_right_wing_movement/

Strategies of Influence: Uncle Toms Cabin and the Feminine Ego :: Uncle Toms Cabin Stowe Essays

Strategies of Influence: Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Feminine Ego Works Cited Missing ... despite the influence of the women's movement, despite the explosion of work in nineteenth century American social history, and despite the new historicism that is infiltrating literary studies, the women, like Stowe, whose names were household words in the nineteenth century ... remain excluded from the literary canon. And while it has recently become fashionable to study their works as examples of cultural deformation, even critics who declare themselves feminists still refer to their novels as trash. (Tompkins 123) In a chapter of her book Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction 1790-1860 dedicated exclusively to Harriet Beecher Stowe's best-selling sentimental novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, Jane Tompkins argues against the prevailing critical opinion that Stowe's novel is an unsophisticated, abortive attempt to write meaningfully about the "peculiar institution" which divided American culture in the mid-nineteenth century. Tompkins suggests that the novel's popularity, long considered a reason for "suspicion bordering on disgust, is [actually] a reason for paying close attention" to it (Tompkins 124). Tompkins makes a good point; perhaps Uncle Tom's Cabin makes sense outside of the bounds of the conventional critical approaches which can only view Stowe's novel as an example of "cultural deformation." In this essay, I want to discuss the ways in which Stowe's protagonist Tom manipulates and exemplifies the theory of feminine "influence" (as discussed in Ann Douglas' analysis of ni neteenth century women's writings) which moderate white women advocated as means for reforming (and eventually subverting) the prevailing patriarchal social system in response to the Industrial Revolution; far from deforming its culture, Uncle Tom's Cabin actually reflects the rhetoric which the women of the nineteenth century used to redefine their position in a new, industrialist economy. In her short story "Woman's Rights," published in the April 1850 issue of the popular Godey's Lady's Book, Haddie Lane explores and defines the concept of women's rights through the example of her Aunt Debbie. Aunt Debbie, exasperated by Haddie's sauciness and its rationalization as "woman's rights," takes Haddie on a tour of her daily rounds to teach her the true meaning of womanhood. As we accompany them along their charitable visits to the sick, the impoverished, and other unfortunates, Aunt Debbie's definition of women's rights is explicitly articulated as Haddie "realizes" the moral meaning of each successive stop. After visiting a once-gay schoolmate who now staggers under the weight of her infirm (and abusive) elderly father, Haddie voices her revelation:

We Are Living Wild and Free

Tangeniqua Traxler Running head: WE ARE LIVING WILD AND FREE â€Å"We Are Living Wild and Free† Teen drug and alcohol abuse is very common in today’s life. Teenagers and young adults become involved with alcohol for a lot of reasons. Some reasons might be for pleasure, or influence from family such as parents drinking and smoking in front of or with the teenager, friends, curiosity, acceptance, and pure pressure are just a few of the reasons teenager’s might began to drink or smoke at a young age.Some teens think that if their parents smoke or drink, then it is alright to do the same on special occasions, which sometimes turn into smoking or drinking more frequently. Underage drinking can cause dangerous sexual behavior, such as unprotected sex, and sex with multiple partners. These actions can lead to unplanned pregnancy and for contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s, also infections with HIV, the virus that cause AIDS. Excessive drinking create s secondhand effects that can put other people in harm.According to Steele (2012) alcohol can cause many physiological effects such as Sedation, muscle relaxation, drowsiness, and disinhibiting of impulses and emotion. Over a long period of use it can cause mood swings, make one have less patience, give one a false sense of confidence, make one more aggressive, delay the capability to make liable decisions, interfere with one’s alertness. WE ARE LIVING WILD AND FREE 2 Even though the NY state law is you have to be 21 years of age or older to purchase liquor, or be caught with it in public teens are still using.I’ve noticed nothing stops them from using, many turn to an older sibling to use their I. D to buy liquor or to go clubbing. Binge drinking (drinking of four or more drinks on a single occasion within two weeks) is a big problem on college campuses. It is binge drinking, different from drinking in general that causes most of the alcohol-connected harm thatâ€℠¢s happening on campuses and in the students' lives. A lot of teens don't think that they will become addicted, and simply use drugs or alcohol to have a good time and to feel ike they fit in with their friends. When teens become addicted they start to lose friends, start to have health problems, and start to fail in school, they experience memory loss, and they lack motivation. Addicts tend to distance themselves from their family and friends with their negative acts, attitudes and unpredictable emotional swings. I personally know this from experience because my dad is an alcoholic. When I visit my dad we never seem to have father and daughter time, I always find him passed out or he’s just somewhere getting high.I’ve seen him fall and pass out from being drunk, and I have seen him loose character from getting high. When he's drunk he often get into serious arguments and fights with people surrounding him. If you say the slightest wrong thing to him while he is intoxi cated he reacts to it. I myself have had alcohol before, but because I witness so much abuse to liquor I know how to limit myself while drinking. While drinking there’s stages you will go through of alcohol intoxication. Stage one you nearly sober, just getting started.Stage two your tipsy, usually signs of this is a blush face, stupid grin, loud voice and an aware love for mankind. The sufferer is incredibly deep, WE ARE LIVING WILD AND FREE 3 intelligent and insightful, but prone to giggles. Stage three you’re plastered†¦. really generous, loud, and self-confident. Starts suffering from long talkativeness and a belief that he or she can drink anyone under the table. Then you start to feel drunken usually suffering vision, hearing ; speech weakening, with a greedy appetite for pizza.Then one’s to get obsessed with anyone and everyone, having a specious faith that he or she is attractive regardless of drooling and slobbing. Stage five you’re wastedà ¢â‚¬ ¦ suffering from dangerous loss of balance, co-ordination and sex appeal. Liable to sleep anywhere, chatting confusedly with loss of most body functions. Your final stage is a hang-over†¦. suffering from near death, always with a pounding headache, unbalanced with no sense of humor. Needs complete silence and another drink! All these harmful stages can be avoided by monitoring the amount you drink.When you are in stage one you can give yourself some time to feel the drink, it may not affect you as soon as your finish but give it time. Most people get to stage three and don’t realize how much they are drinking, in this stage you usually don’t taste how strong a drink is so you continue to drink repeatedly to stage 5. The use of alcohol for a long length of time can cause many health problems. It can harm the liver, bones, endocrine system, and brain, and at the same time stunt ones growth. When a person drinks constantly, it has been known to deeply affect the ir liver.Over a period of time this out of control drinking can lead to cirrhosis of the liver or even suicidal behavior. Using alcohol for a long period of time can cause damage to the brain, which can alter one’s mood. Developing a mood disorder from alcohol consumption can one to develop suicidal ideation. WE ARE LIVING WILD AND FREE 4 I personally feel that a person of any age, race, and background can become an alcoholic, or addicted to drugs. It all starts by socially drinking and smoking with friends who seem to be handling it all.Eventually if there is a weakness in a person, they will breakdown and slowly began to show the signs of heavy drinking, falling out, disrupting other people, and using physical abuse. Since I have watched drinking destroy my father, I have learned the signs and symptoms of alcoholism and the effects it has on the family members. As a child I just thought he was a crazy person, who acted this way after drinking, I thought this is what he was supposed to do after drinking. This article gave information on many different psychological and physiological effects of alcohol.The author explained how alcohol, classified as a depressant drug could have bad long-term effects as well as health benefits. This is all depending on the person, the consumed amount, and the length of time the person has spent drinking alcohol. The author included the risks that are associated with drinking that allows one to enjoy. It can turn out to be an embarrassing time, as drinking decreases one’s ability to make proper judgments, or alter one’s mood. The author wrapped everything up after explaining that although can be a deadly drug; there are also good things that alcohol does to benefit one’s health. â€Å"LIVE ABOVE THE INFLUENCE! †

Mark Twain, the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay

In the novel by Mark Twain, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the two main characters, Huck and Jim, are strongly linked. Their relation is portrayed by various sides, some of them good and some others bad. But the essential interest of that relation is the way that uses the author to describe it. Even if he had often been misunderstood, Twain always implied a message behind the themes developed around Huck and Jim. The first encounter between Huck Finn and Jim is at the beginning of the book, when Huck’s friend, Tom Sawyer, tries to fool Jim, Miss Watson’s slave. Huck and Jim still don’t know each other, but Huck isn’t biased against the old slave. It’s an important point because, as racism was a widely held mentality in the South, we can learn that that young boy was more open-minded than most people there. Later, they find themselves in the same situation. As they were escaping from the civilized world, they take refuge in the Jackson’s Island, on the Mississippi river. Huck is running away from a bad father and Jim has leaved Miss Watson because he didn’t want to be sold to New Orleans. Look more:  huck finn chapter 20 essay Soon after joining Jim on the island, Huck begins to realize that Jim has more talents and intelligence than Huck has been aware of. Jim knows â€Å"all kinds of signs† about the future, people’s personalities, and weather forecasting. Huck finds this kind of information necessary as he and Jim drift down the Mississippi on a raft. As important, Huck feels a comfort with Jim that he has not felt with the other major characters in the novel. With Jim, Huck can enjoy the best aspects of his earlier influences. Jim’s meaning to Huck changes as they proceed through their adventure. He starts out as an extra person just to take on the journey, but they transform into a friend. â€Å"It was fifteen minutes before I could work myself up to go and humble myself to a nigger. â€Å"(chap. XV) Huck tries to squeal on Jim but can’t because he remembers that Jim called him â€Å"de bes’ fren’ I ever had;†¦ de on’y white genlman dat ever kep’ his promise to ole Jim. â€Å"(chap. XVI) Huck realizes that he can not turn Jim in since they both act as runaway outcasts on the river. The support they have for each other sprouts friendship. As does the Widow, Jim allows Huck security, but Jim is not as confining as is the Widow. Like Tom Sawyer, Jim is intelligent but his intelligence is not as intimidating or as imaginary as is Tom’s. As does Pap, Jim allows Huck freedom, but he does it in a loving, rather than an uncaring, fashion. Thus, early, in their relationship on Jackson’s Island, Huck says to Jim, â€Å"This is nice. I wouldn’t want to be nowhere else but here. † This feeling is in marked contrast with Huck’s feelings concerning other people in the early part of the novel where he always is uncomfortable and wishes to leave them. The lack of comfort is also shared by Jim. As a slave, he truly feels like an outcast. Considering the context of the United States at that period, during the slavery conflict, we easily understand the situation of Jim. And one of the main ideas of this Mark Twain’s masterpiece deals with a multiracial couple’s story. The relationship between black and white was hardly accepted in the 1830’s. Such an adventure, two male characters, with opposite colour of skin, striking up a friendship, was considered as a provocation by the society. The author knows that very well and will try, through his two heroes, to denounce the drifting of the Nation. Irony is his main weapon against that obscurantism. He uses it as often as possible. For instance, on chapter XIV, Huck tries to explain to Jim why a Frenchman is a man, even if he speaks differently. The ironical feature comes from the fact that this black slave doesn’t understand the equality of all people, whereas himself isn’t considered equal by the white. Besides, another ironical aspect is that we think first, in that chapter, that the white boy will civilize the black man whereas we’ll discover further that it is the contrary. First person brings the reader a more innocent side of the story, so the reader feels more compassion for the small boy. The symbolic image falls into play between Huck and Jim, â€Å"†¦ en trash is what people is dat puts dirt on de head er dey fren’s en makes ’em ashamed†¦ â€Å"(chap. XV), this made Huck open his eyes for the first time in his life. Jim for the first time shows feelings for Huck and lets him know you don’t treat people who care for you like â€Å"trash†. This makes Huck aware that Jim means more to him than just someone’s slave, he now considers him a true friend. Next, Huck finally sees Jim’s loyalty toward him, â€Å"†¦ so Jim he said he would stand the first half of it for me†¦ â€Å"(chap. XX), keeping a special watch not waking him on his turn, â€Å"†¦ I went to sleep, and Jim didn’t call me when it was my turn†¦ â€Å"(chap. XXIII). Even the little things like not waking Huck, show more than just an undying friendship. The symbolism of a grown man and a child had more effect instead of having two grown men, because a child needs a father figure. Jim fit the description and perfectly provided that for him. The mutual affection between Huck and Jim will even lead them to sorts of sacrifices. When Huck discovers that Jim has been captured, Huck must decide whether to turn in Jim and tell Miss Watson, or accept going to hell. He finally chooses â€Å"hell† when he says, â€Å"I took it [letter to Miss Watson] up, and held it in my hand. I was a-trembling, because I’d got to decide, forever, betwixt two things, and I knowed it. I studied a minute†¦ and then says to myself: ‘All right, then, I’ll go to hell,’ and tore it up. â€Å"(chap. XXXI) Huck’s sacrifice for his friend Jim, a man he has come to view as a father, forces Huck to accept a life of everlasting pain and anguish. In reality, Huck’s sacrifice is a noble and uncharacteristic achievement, allowing Huck to unknowingly be bound for heaven. Jim’s sacrifice, although small in his own mind, is in fact one of the bravest sacrifices made throughout this book. For example, after Tom gets shot in the leg, Jim displays his concern for Tom as he says, â€Å"No, sah-I doan’ budge a step out’n dis place ‘dout a doctor; not if it’s forty year! † Despite all of the racist and harsh tricks Tom has played on Jim, Jim risks his life to save his â€Å"friend. † Rather than abandon Tom, Jim is willing to risk his freedom to save Tom’s life. Moreover, as Jim makes this brave sacrifice, Huck thinks to himself, â€Å"I knowed he was white inside. â€Å"(chap. XL) Through Jim’s sacrifice for Tom, Huck discovers that all men, including blacks, are in fact equal. Huck no longer looks down upon Jim as a â€Å"nigger,† but rather as an equal human being. Lastly, the doctor describes Jim’s heroic sacrifice to the Phelps and tells them that, â€Å"He ain’t a bad nigger†¦ and I never see a nigger that was a better nuss or faithfuler, and yet he was risking his freedom to do it [save Tom]. â€Å"(chap.XLII) Jim risked his freedom to save an insolent, racist white boy who had treated him, not as an equal, but as an inferior, unequal nigger. Jim’s sacrifice is clearly an act of bravery far more heroic than the sacrifice Huck made earlier in the novel. Huck and Jim’s sacrifices for each other, however different, also present many similarities. For example, Huck and Jim both think they are sacrificing themselves for a friend. Huck sacrifices himself for a black friend he has come to love as an equal. Similarly, Jim sacrifices himself for a friend, when in reality, he is risking his freedom to save the life of a racial bigot, Tom. In addition, both sacrifices have as a consequence a life of everlasting hell. When Huck sacrifices himself for Jim, he accepts a literal hell (that is truly the path to heaven). Jim, on the other hand, accepts a life of figurative hell in slavery, when he is in fact free all along. Finally, each sacrifice shares irony, in that they were both based on unknown pieces of unknown, but significannot pieces of information. Huck is unaware that his decision of accepting â€Å"hell† will actually lead to his salvation and ironically decides on doing what the thinks is â€Å"wrong. â€Å"Likewise, Jim is unaware that he is free, and is not risking his freedom in saving Tom. In making these two brave sacrifices, Huck and Jim achieve a higher character than if they had chosen easier paths. Huck’s willingness to face hell to protect Jim and Jim’s willingness to face capture and slavery to save Tom, both contribute to the overall theme of racial equality/inequality present throughout the book. Huck and Jim’s journey down the Mississippi River has led them to look past colour boundaries, and discover that â€Å"all me are created equal. â€Å"

The London 2012 Olympic Games

The London 2012 Olympic Games Introduction Background The London 2012 games were based on a dream of hosting inspirational, secure and all-encompassing games that would leave a mark in the UK. When the representatives from the UK were bidding for the games, they promised it would be the first ever sustainable tournament. The meaning of the term ‘sustainability’ is very complex and therefore not easy to define.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The London 2012 Olympic Games specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Brundtland commission defined sustainability as the ability to meet the current needs without compromising future needs. However, environmentalists and sustainability experts have been advocating for a more detailed definition. As a result, the organizers of the London Olympics came up with a sustainability plan that incorporated a range of sustainability definitions. The plan focused on the major sustainability premises namely: clim atic change, management of toxic wastes, environmental conservation, health and nutrition, and inclusiveness. Climate change focused on management of water, energy, and alleviation/alteration of carbon impact. Waste management centred on the state of the art waste management infrastructure and exemplary management of resources. The management of biodiversity was aimed at encouraging the sport division to play a part in the conservation of nature and bring individuals closer to the environment. The London sustainability theme of inclusiveness focused on promoting access and celebrating diversity. Lastly, healthy living was meant to inspire everybody to engage in sports and to inculcate healthy lifestyles. The reassessment of various ways in which sustainability has been defined highlights the complexity of coming up with a single definition. Sustainability experts argue that the essence of sustainable development has become open to numerous applications and interpretations. Generally , there is a tendency by organizations and individuals to depend on a triple bottom line approach especially to evaluate performance alongside the meaning. The triple bottom line approach views sustainability in terms of the benefits achieved from the following viewpoints: environment, economy and socio-cultural. Purpose of the Report The general aim of this report is to assess the sustainability of the London games 2012.The report will adopt a triple bottom line approach (three sustainability indicators) to assess the sustainability of the London Games 2012.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The use of the three sustainability indicators is in line with the legacy of the London 2012 games. There are other sustainability models that have added an extra dimension associated with governance. The socio-cultural and economic indicators used will consider this extra dimensi on by exploring the management of the games and other governance issues. Sustainability analysis using set indicators The use of a set of indicators, especially a far-reaching set, brings forth the question of how to evaluate the overall performance in relation to sustainability. Particularly, it brings forth the question of how to reach equilibrium on all the fronts (economic, socio-cultural and environment front). The set indicators are grouped into three categories namely: environmental indicators, socio-cultural indicators and economic indicators. Environmental Indicators Environmental indicators include water quality, greenhouse gas emission, air quality, land use changes, protected areas, public open-air leisure centres and solid waste management. The new water framework directive assesses the well being of the surrounding water i.e. the concentration of nitrates, phosphates and E-Coli for bathing water. UK is generally ranked poorly in terms of Orthophosphate concentration wi th an average concentration of 0.3 P mg/I. The E-Coli level is also higher than the required standard. The highest concentrations have been recorded around river Lee. However, the nitrate levels within the Olympic park surroundings are below the maximum limit of 50mg N/I with the highest concentration measured being 17.4 mg N/I. The nitrate levels have contaminated London river waters. There is not even a single river that has low nitrate levels. In addition, the phosphate levels are extremely high in more than three quarters of the rivers within London. The construction works and other developments for London games provided a great opportunity to enhance the areas around Lee River and its backwoods. The emission of the Kyoto basket of greenhouse gases in the UK has fallen by more than 5 percent since 2003. The highest reductions in percentage are Sulphur hexafluoride SF6 (47%), Perfluorocarbons PFC (30%), Methane CH4 (10%) and Nitrous oxide N2O (10%). Approximately 50% of these emi ssions originate from the industry and commerce with moderate emission from homes and road transport. The greenhouse gas emission from industry and commerce in the city of London is almost similar to the entire nation. The road transport contribution is relatively low. This is credited to the dense public transport system and partly to congestion charge zone within the city centre.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The London 2012 Olympic Games specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the year 2008, the city was voted as the low emission zone. However, the total emission has slightly gone up by 5% since then. The increase in emission is mainly attributed to the construction works around the Olympic park as well as growth of businesses in Docklands (especially in Tower Hamlets). Analysis of the data sourced from the London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympics Games Limited (LOCOG) and Olympic Delivery authority (ODA) only shows the long-term benefits of the project. However, it is clear that the construction works around the Olympic Park emitted the highest amount of the greenhouse gases (24%). Spectator/ media and sponsors travel (air, road and rail) contributed 13% of the emission and other related transport infrastructure contributed further 12%. In overall, the construction and infrastructure projects contributed more than 70% of the greenhouse gas emission (GGE). In a nutshell, staging of the 2012 Olympic Games had a negative GGE impact, but this only represented 0.5 % of the country’s annual emission. In addition, the long-term benefits of the game should be emphasized. The quality of the outdoor air in London as a whole is within the standards. However, the areas around Lambeth and the city centres have exceeded the annual permitted level. Nonetheless, the construction works at the Olympic Park has had no apparent impact on the air quality in the city of London. All the screening data from the London Air Quality Monitoring Network confirms this. Land use data shows a number of changes in London as a whole, particularly in Host Boroughs. The area under domestic gardens has considerably decreased reflecting the increase in population and density of housing. This is locally referred to as garden grabbing. However, the amount of land being converted to residential areas has gone down since sub-prime crisis in 2008.The games considerably transformed the Brownfield area into residential, parks and amenity space. Nonetheless, the Olympic park and other venues that were intended for the games had small impact on the overall land use changes in London.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although the venues tend to overlap large number of protected areas within London they were not within these protected areas. This exhibits the extent to which natural habitats and landscapes are guarded and at the same time allowing access to wildlife and scenic areas by the athletes and other visitors. In addition, the open –air leisure spaces (woodland/forest and public open space) have increased except for the park/garden. In Host Boroughs, Woodlands and forests have remained the same. The construction works around the Olympic Park regenerated most of the derelict lands and industrial Brownfield which created more space for amusement and open-air leisure activities. Furthermore, when the games ended most of the hard surfaces were converted to grass. The solid waste analysis focuses on the solid waste production, treatment and disposal. The production of toxic waste doubled in the three year period before the Olympic Games. This is attributed to the clean up process in the Olympic venues. Most of these waste consisted of contaminated debris that were as a consequence of on-site treatment aimed to improve the land. For that reason, the London Games had a direct positive impact on toxic waste management. The waste transfer stations have increased substantially since 2005 and only dropped a little in 2006 due to increase in treatment plants. Waste transfer has remained stable in London even with the increase in population. The city of London and the larger UK benefited greatly from the groundbreaking processes for treating and recycling wastes. Socio-cultural indicators There are over 20 social-cultural indicators, but the report will only focus on the most important indicators. They include poverty and social inclusion, health and nutrition, crime rates, participation of minorities in the games, and access to public services. Poverty and social inclusion appraise the poverty level and social segregation of the UK society. Poverty level and social segre gation in the UK are measured using the Index of Deprivation. This is based on seven realms namely: earnings, the level of employment, health and disability, education and expertise, obstacles to basic needs, crime rate and the living standard. According to the data sourced from the Department of Communities and Local Government, income deprivation is based on the percentage of the population relying on the social benefits whilst obstacles to basic needs reflect the complexity in accessing fundamental needs such as housing. The data show high rates of deprivation in the five Host Boroughs compared to the entire London. The highest disparity is in the housing and social services. In both cases, deprivation index had fallen significantly from 2007 to 2009. This is mainly attributed to the subprime crisis that led to the increase in the cost of housing. The impact of the London 2012 Games in the transformation of the East London is yet to be discerned. Most of the available data on pov erty and social segregation were collected in 2009. Educational level as an indicator evaluates the impact of the London games on the educational achievement of the populace. Educational achievement for the people of London has been on a rise for the last ten years. The ratio of the unqualified personnel has gone down whilst the ratio of those with high education has risen by nearly 42 percent. Gender disparity in term of education achievement is still high with more women having low qualifications. Qualification profile in Host Boroughs is by and large lower than London. In addition, the gender inequality is emphasized. The increase in educational level is less attributed to London Games 2012. The educational standards of the labour force have been an elemental tune since late 90s. Spending on elementary education has always been adjusted above inflation and therefore protected by the government. Government emphasis has always been on the underprivileged areas, for instance, East L ondon. The UK government created Equality and Inclusion Board to enhance the participation of the minorities in London Games 2012. The board set up a mechanism for recruiting the minority groups. The targeted percentage of the minority groups were as follows: minority ethnic 15%, disabled 3% and 11% women. Therefore, the game promoted equality and inclusiveness in sports and other fronts. London is among the top cities in the UK with the highest crime rate. On a national scale, the crime rate has reduced significantly over the last two decades. The total number of recorded crimes in the period 2003 to 2012 fell by over 20 percent, with the sharpest decline (45%) recorded in 2011/2012. As usual, Host Boroughs recorded high figures compared to the entire London. The falling trend was a result of the policies put in place by the government to fight crime. These policies included the setting up of the Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships in local areas. The political will to make L ondon 2012 Olympic Games the safe ever was there. The Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships in the Host Boroughs and London as a whole was tied to the local government structures. Therefore, there was a marked impact of the game on crime avoidance and reduction. Generally, the mortality rate (especially infant mortality) due to ill health has decreased in the entire UK. The rate in London is much lower. Over 70% of the mortality rates are due to cancers, circulatory and respiratory diseases. However, death caused by cancer and circulatory diseases have relatively decreased whilst death caused by respiratory diseases have remained constant. Morbidity rate has also gone down all over the UK with London and the 5 Host Boroughs recording slightly higher figures than the rest of the country. The decline is attributed to the increased number of health facilities all over the country and universal health insurance. Life expectancy has also increased countrywide. However, life expectanc y in the 5 Host Boroughs is slightly lower than the whole country due to socioeconomic deprivations and segregations. The blacks and other minority groups have the lowest life expectancy. Nonetheless, there are considerable and sustainable steps being taken by the government to address these inequalities. Nutrition as an indicator explores the quality of food intake. The energy and nutrient intake in London is lower compared to the rest of the UK. This also applies to the general food quality, particularly vegetables. Unhealthy eating habits are common in the city and this is reflected in the increasing number of obese and overweight individuals. The impact of the London Games on the physical activities and regeneration of East London reinforced the emphasis on healthy eating habits and change of lifestyle. The London Games also led to the introduction of the annual school Olympics to enhance sports in the country and improve students’ health. More sporting facilities have be en set up to improve access. Economic Indicators Economic indicators just like socio-cultural indicators are many. The report will only focus on a number of them namely: employment by economic activity, accommodation infrastructure, tourist/visitors, and the public expenditure. Since 2005, UK has experienced an annual growth rate of approximately1% of employed individuals. The growth has been witnessed both in the public and private sectors. At the same time, the population of London has been growing at the rate of 2.41% per annum. This has contributed to a significant number of unemployed. Although the London 2012 games had little impact on the overall level of employment, the distribution of the contracts related to the Olympic created a considerable amount of jobs. Though employment in the construction industry increased by 1.5 % annually during that period, it rose by almost 4% in London. This is attributed to key infrastructure construction projects in the city. According to th e data sourced from the London Development Authority, the city witnessed a nearly 40% decline in the number of establishments in 2004/05 and almost a double figure in 2006. Regardless of the decline in the number of hotels and accommodation in London, total bed space has continued to increase with the sharp increase in 2009/10. The increase in bed space and establishment in East London was attributed to the Olympic effect. The number of establishments as a result of the Olympic effect is not easy to desegregate. In 2007/08, UK had seen a decline in the number of tourists due to the global economic crisis. However, the London games saw a sharp increase in the number of visitors to the UK and domestic tourists to London. The number of visitors outside the EU was slightly lower. Economic experts attribute it to the strength of the sterling pound and the aftershocks of the global economic crisis. According to the Public Expenditure Statistic Analyses, priority of government spending has changed considerably since 2005. More emphasis was put in housing, education, environmental conservation and management, and housing. Recreation and sporting expenditure increased by almost the same level in the whole country. London received more funding than any other city. The funds were used to improve public service, public order, recreational and sporting services and transport. Public expenditure was consistent with the government commitment to create a legacy in the London Games 2012. The UK government spent nearly  £ 1 billion on Olympic village. Conclusion The London 2012 Olympic Games provided an opportunity for the city of London to enhance its infrastructure and other operations in a sustainable style. The use of the three indicators offered a holistic approach in assessing sustainability. According to these indicators, the London 2012 Games had more positive than negative contributions to the environment, society and the economy as a whole. The public investment in the games significantly complemented the city’s regeneration and development programmes. Economic and social-cultural indicators show that it is still early to tell the impact of the London Games 2012. However, the impact of the games on the environment is discernible.

Free Essays on Traits Of A Modern World

Modern ideas are first formed from a simple hypothesis, with little evidence and much hope of truth lying beneath. These ideas become more greatly researched, and develop and change over time, due to more evidence. The modern societies today are such as this, with greatly updated advancement, but true to their original roots, of ancient times, when the beliefs and ideas were only theories, not facts to be found true. According to A History of the Modern World, there is â€Å"in our time a kind of uniform modern civilization which overlies or penetrates the traditional cultures of the world.† Some of these traits are pressures for an increased democracy, countries affecting each other’s growth, and Europe holding the key to the traditional times, which date back to ancient times. One example of using ancient times as a basis for modern civilization is the pressures for an increased democracy. In order for a country to improve its social and ethical conditions, changes must be made in the political powers to help its affected state grow. â€Å"†¦and all modern governments, democratic or not, must seek to arouse the energies and support of their populations† (Palmer 10). Also, with acquired knowledge, the current morals and beliefs of the community may change, and the democracy of the community must adjust to these changes. â€Å"In modern society old customs loosen, and ancestral religions are questioned. There is a demand for individual liberation, and an expectation for higher living† (Palmer 10). People yearn for equality, in every ethical aspect, and need a strong democratic system to support this. The fast changing social desires become social movements, and since the beginning of civilization, the ideas taken from the old world are brought to improve the new world. Another way the traditions of the old world affect the new world are the way modern countries affect each other. In order for the countries of our planet to... Free Essays on Traits Of A Modern World Free Essays on Traits Of A Modern World Modern ideas are first formed from a simple hypothesis, with little evidence and much hope of truth lying beneath. These ideas become more greatly researched, and develop and change over time, due to more evidence. The modern societies today are such as this, with greatly updated advancement, but true to their original roots, of ancient times, when the beliefs and ideas were only theories, not facts to be found true. According to A History of the Modern World, there is â€Å"in our time a kind of uniform modern civilization which overlies or penetrates the traditional cultures of the world.† Some of these traits are pressures for an increased democracy, countries affecting each other’s growth, and Europe holding the key to the traditional times, which date back to ancient times. One example of using ancient times as a basis for modern civilization is the pressures for an increased democracy. In order for a country to improve its social and ethical conditions, changes must be made in the political powers to help its affected state grow. â€Å"†¦and all modern governments, democratic or not, must seek to arouse the energies and support of their populations† (Palmer 10). Also, with acquired knowledge, the current morals and beliefs of the community may change, and the democracy of the community must adjust to these changes. â€Å"In modern society old customs loosen, and ancestral religions are questioned. There is a demand for individual liberation, and an expectation for higher living† (Palmer 10). People yearn for equality, in every ethical aspect, and need a strong democratic system to support this. The fast changing social desires become social movements, and since the beginning of civilization, the ideas taken from the old world are brought to improve the new world. Another way the traditions of the old world affect the new world are the way modern countries affect each other. In order for the countries of our planet to...

Plan Your Remodeling and Home Improvement Projects

Plan Your Remodeling and Home Improvement Projects It all begins with a dream. Cathedral ceilings! Skylights! Room-sized closets! But, the dream may turn into a nightmare, unless you plan ahead. Before you remodel, follow these steps to get your home improvement project on the right start. How to Remodel a House: 1. Draw Your Dream Even before you consult an architect, you can begin sketching out your ideas and imagining your dreams- just get over the reasons not to remodel your home first. If you are adding or expanding a room, think about how the space will be used and how the changes will affect traffic patterns. Also consider how new construction will affect the overall context of your home. An oversized addition may overwhelm your house or crowd a small lot. A simple home design software program can help you visualize your project. Which Home Design Software is Best?Symmetry and Proportion in DesignFree Tools to Help You Choose House Paint Colors 2. Learn From Others One of the best ways to get inspiration and to avoid pitfalls is to follow the experiences of other homeowners. A number of Web sites offer online chronicles of home improvement projects, along with reply forms, message boards, and chat rooms that let you ask questions and get feedback. Ask around about local networking in addition to these: DIY ChatroomReddit has a number of DIY communities, including Home ImprovementThis Old House 3. Think Ahead Although you may dream of having a spacious new addition, the project may not make sense if you plan to sell your house in a few years. A luxury bathroom can price your house beyond the values in your neighborhood. Some projects, such as vinyl siding on a Queen Anne Victorian, will actually decrease the value of your home. Moreover, your own familys needs may be very different in a few years. Will the plans you draw today fit your future? Plan for StorageBuild to Save EnergyChoose the Best Plans 4. Count Your Money Even the best-laid budgets can go bust. Chances are, your remodeling project will cost more than you expect. Before you set your heart on high-end ceramic tile, find out how much you have to spend and make sure you have a cushion against cost overruns. For must-have items that could wipe out your savings account, explore home improvement loans and other financing options. If you own your home, a line of credit is often the best bet. Consider online borrowing from reputable companies that bring together small investors with borrowers. The Better Business Bureau reviews companies, such as the Lending Club. Some people depend on crowdfunding, but you should know your comfort level and understand what youre getting into. How Much Will It Cost?Build on a BudgetBuilding Cost Estimators 5. Choose your team Unless you plan to take on the entire remodeling project by yourself, youll need to hire helpers. Naturally, youll want to make sure that the folks who work for you are qualified, licensed, and properly insured. But, finding the best team for your remodeling project goes beyond a simple reference check. The architect who has won top awards may have a design vision very different from your own. If you have an older house, hire someone who knows the time period when your house was built; putting a finger on historical appropriateness is an undervalued skill. Use these resources to find the professionals you feel comfortable with. Do You Need an Architect?How to Find an Architect 6. Negotiate a Contract Whether you plan a simple carpentry job or a major project requiring the services of an architect and a general contractor, misunderstandings can lead to disaster. Do not begin remodeling without a written contract. Make sure everyone agrees on the work that will be completed and how long it will take. Also be clear on the types of materials that will- and will not- be used. Top 10 Building / Remodeling Contract Issues 7. Get Permissions In most parts of the world, a legal permit is required before you make structural changes to your home. The building permit assures that the remodeling project meets local building codes and safety regulations. If you live in a historic district, the permit also assures that exterior changes to your home are in keeping with neighborhood guidelines. General contractors will usually take care of the paperwork, but small-time workers may not... and the permits become your responsibility. 8. Plan for Problems - Make Ground Rules The larger the remodel job, the greater the chances are for frustrations. There will be equipment breakdowns, supply shortages, miscommunications, and delays. Draw up a few friendly rules for workers- tell them where they may park their trucks and store their equipment overnight. If concrete is involved, know where the leftover will be dumped. And, dont expect contractors to take care of your pets- the family dog and cat may be happier at a relatives summer camp. Also, take care of you and your family. Plan for ways you can indulge yourself when times become especially stressful. Schedule a day at a spa and reserve a night at a romantic bed and breakfast inn. You deserve it! Why Remodel a House? Theres a difference between renovation and remodeling. Renovation is aligned with preservation and restoration- keeping up with repairs and the original intent of an historic house. The word itself means to make new again- re- novus. The root of remodeling is something different. It shows a dissatisfaction with the current model, so you want to do it again, to change something. Too often people get involved in remodeling a house when what they really need to do is remodel themselves or a relationship. So you might want to ask yourself this: Why do you really want to remodel? Many people have good reasons to make a change- life events (does someone now use a walker or wheelchair?), different circumstances (are the parents about to move in?), or preparation for the future (shouldnt we install a home elevator now, before we need it?). Some people just like change, and thats okay, too. The first step in any home remodeling, though, is to take a step back into self-reflection. Know why youre doing something before you make the plan how to do it. You might save yourself a bunch of money- and a relationship. Good luck!

Group Motivation Inventory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Group Motivation Inventory - Essay Example The persons that form a group are dependent upon one another in the performance of the group's activity, and any change in one group member influences change in the other members. Our team had an evaluation. The evaluation was meant to explore other group concepts. Questionnaires were handed out to each of my group mates. The following observations were drawn out from the evaluation. Through this exercise, I have learned that I, as a member, should understand the group's purpose and believe in the value of the objectives and the ability of other members so that I can contribute meaningfully to the group product. A group will be ineffective if the task and expected outcome are not clear. The effectiveness of a group is directly related to the degree that a primary goal is shared and acted upon among the members. I have also observed that a group is small enough for the members to have general awareness of each other and large enough to contain a variety of knowledge, skills, and perceptions to develop a high-quality product. For example, in a problem-solving group Marvin R. Gottlieb stated in his book Managing Group Process that the most efficient number is between five and seven members. With less than five, a group lacks the diversity of input necessary for a broad perspective and consideration of various points of view. When the group exceeds seven members, on the other hand, there is a tendency for developing hierarchies and subgroups. With these developed sects, unequal status is ascribed to various group members. Unequal status results to unequal power in influencing a group's decision. I have also come to a conclusion that there must be a clear definition of group members' relationships with one another. Group roles, whether assigned or assumed, must be consistent with the knowledge or skill set of each individual. These roles are generally accepted by everyone and remain relatively stable throughout the process. In addition, I have also learned that the work of the group must be shared equally so everyone feels that all are doing a fair share. With the aforementioned knowledge, I now know the significance of abiding by group norms. How I interact in groups will surely improve for the better because I am now even more aware of the consequences that come with irresponsibility and indifference. For future groups to come, I will try even harder to do what is expected of me by my group mates. I will make sure I always attend meetings, be punctual and participate on meetings on a regular basis. I will always observe speaking in turn being careful not to interrupt others. I will accept assignments that are due me and complete them on time. And I will not fail to demonstrate enthusiasm for the group's work. Our evaluation results indicate a highly motivated group but still there is room for improvement. Personal satisfaction from participating in the group's activities is a motivation for group work, thus every member should feel satisfied when doing their share. Personal satisfaction can come from an altruistic perspective, such as feeling good about the work the group is doing because it is perceived as inherently "good" for the society. Or it can come from career building, affiliation with a group that has status, or other recognition motives. To further motivate a group, a timeline

Introduction to microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Introduction to microeconomics - Essay Example Buyers have to wait in queues and this situation also does not guarantee that whether they will get the product when their number comes. Sellers of a product can also provide the goods and services to their favorite clients which violates the procedure of efficient markets (Ceiling price regulation). Price Ceiling phenomenon reflects that government intervention does not necessarily means that market will operate efficiently and effectively. Price ceiling is a tool through which government intervenes however it has been observed that intervention is not beneficial in the long run. Economists are of the opinion that output generated through free market economy is the best possible outcome for the welfare of buyers and sellers in the market. Although general public might feel that they are getting goods and services at the lower prices therefore it is better for them but they should also recognize that they are not going to get the product every time they will go to buy it. Price Ceiling creates severe shortage in the economy therefore it should be noted that government intervention is not the solution to the rising prices or inflation in the long

The Potential Effects of a Large Earthquake Essay

The Potential Effects of a Large Earthquake - Essay Example The essay "The potential effects of a large earthquake" discusses the possible areas to move in, their main good and disruptive factors. Earthquake hazard mapping is mainly used in California in efforts to ensure that there is effective land use. There has been an awareness on seismic safety to both public and private investors to prevent building or occupying areas with active faults. The first location we are discussing is 3700 Perie lane, San Jose which is near San Andrea’s faults. The information which is going to guide us in understanding better the area and its activities based on maps and geotechnical data from geological investigations, technical reports and reports from the geological survey regarding earthquakes and liquefaction potential brought about by landslide zones. The stability of the 3700 Perie lane, San Jose is mainly affected by the material type, vegetation cover, inclination and moisture content. There are numerous types of landslides in the area of San Jose and the major one in this area is the rock slide, translational and rotational, earth slide, complex slides, earth slides, debris slides and rock fall. Different Zones along Perie |lane, San Jose are high influenced by either geological or soil conditions which have a great impact on the development of the area. This city is well known as the most active in earthquakes and tsunamis by seismologist and geologist. A regular occurrence of Tsunamis along San Andrea Faults is associated with the crustal movement along the active fault zones.

Inflation returns to Euro zone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Inflation returns to Euro zone - Essay Example One of the main indicators of the inflation pressure is the producer prices. The reason is that unless these prices are absorbed by retailers using profit margins which then translate to consumer prices. Thus, other the bond buying program that had been introduced by European Central Bank in March, other measures undertaken to boost the economy of Euro zone is cutting down main interest rate and the deposit rate. However, it is still too early to stay in the comfort zone about this issue. It is still early to indicate the trajectory of the future policy since inflation will continue depending on the prices of oil. This is considering the weak euro area growth. Firstly, the dynamics of the oil prices continue to drive much of the inflation in 2015 mostly in the short term. In addition, despite the rise in May’s core inflation, more of the general momentum of inflation is likely to remain muted against an overall of still domestic demand of the euro area together with the capac ity in the labor market. Considering that most of the policy maker (Morris 1) spent most of 2014 fearing the worsening of deflation, then the worry is that if the prices are entrenched, then the consumers and other businesses are likely to delay their purchases. Thus, there are unlikely dips into the level of deflation with oil prices diluting the risks of deflation. The overall weakness of the euro and the improved economic activity of the euro zone are other important factors in diluting the risk of deflation.

Giovanni's Room novel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Giovanni's Room novel - Essay Example It is said that this issue took a long time before Descartes decided to highlight the issue in the air. On the other hand Cartesian Dualism only works on a specific factor that is if there is dual existence of man. According to the philosophical view of mind, dualism puts emphasis on the difference of radical manner between mind and matter. The issue is that there is denial of some facts in the nature of dualism. An argument states that the mind is not the same as the brain while others say that the mind is not a product of the mind. Talking of dualism, according to Descartes, man is consisted of two aspects which are matter or body and mind. These are the main factors that keep the aspect of dualism to prosper in the real world. Body or matter is the physical substance that does several physical things such as walking, talking and playing the accordion. On the other hand, mind is known as the substance of non-physical nature that has a thinking capacity, a doubting capability and it has the ability to remember several issues. It is sometimes related to the soul. In the novel Giovanni’s room, Baldwin expresses the issue of body and mind in so many issues thus going hand in hand with the argument by Descartes. For example, in the novel, time is an important aspect that is brought to show how David is out of time in making certain decisions. This shows that David is unable to think so as to make the right decisions. This means that David’s mind is not representing the roles of the mind of having the capability of thinking. Baldwin uses this scene to give a show on the issue of mind and its roles. Additionally, it is also shown in the letters written by David’s father to David urging him to make up his mind on what he is doing for his life. At one time David’s father repeatedly reminded David of his age and urged him to go back to America. This means that David

Disability and Workability with Diabetes Coursework

Disability and Workability with Diabetes - Coursework Example This research appraisal aims to broaden the awareness of the health care providers of the latest status and trends in nursing research and practice, specifically on: (1) identifying the similarities and differences of the qualitative and quantitative research designs, (2) to identify the implications of the three studies in relevance to the nursing practice particularly in the perspective of occupational health nursing, and (3) to gather information on the proper nursing management of clients with diabetes at work, their legal rights as to the limitations set forth on the Disability Discrimination Act of London (1995) in order to make their activities of daily living more meaningful in spite of having diabetes. Appraised for this purpose are the three recent research studies on diabetes conducted by the renowned medical and nursing research teams in the United Kingdom. These are: (1) Disability & Workability: Diabetes – An Occupational Health Nursing Case Study (NHS Education for Scotland, 2004, pp.21-24) – a qualitative research; (2) The Socio-Economic Factors and Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes (Coates, et al., January 2008, pp. 1-113) – a quantitative research; and (3) Effectiveness of Self-Management Intervention in Patients with Screen-Detected Type 2 Diabetes (Thoolen, et al., November 2007, pp. 1-6) – a quantitative research. This case study highlights some of the issues to be considered in the workplace for an employee with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes. It also illustrates the need for collaborative working between the multidisciplinary professionals caring for the employee in the community and occupational health services. The implications of this study for nursing practice, particularly to occupational health nurse, are as follows: Be aware of what illnesses and disabilities are taken into account under the Disability Discrimination Act (1995) and ask your client if his or her disability affects the ability to carry out tasks at work.

Giovanni's Room novel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Giovanni's Room novel - Essay Example It is said that this issue took a long time before Descartes decided to highlight the issue in the air. On the other hand Cartesian Dualism only works on a specific factor that is if there is dual existence of man. According to the philosophical view of mind, dualism puts emphasis on the difference of radical manner between mind and matter. The issue is that there is denial of some facts in the nature of dualism. An argument states that the mind is not the same as the brain while others say that the mind is not a product of the mind. Talking of dualism, according to Descartes, man is consisted of two aspects which are matter or body and mind. These are the main factors that keep the aspect of dualism to prosper in the real world. Body or matter is the physical substance that does several physical things such as walking, talking and playing the accordion. On the other hand, mind is known as the substance of non-physical nature that has a thinking capacity, a doubting capability and it has the ability to remember several issues. It is sometimes related to the soul. In the novel Giovanni’s room, Baldwin expresses the issue of body and mind in so many issues thus going hand in hand with the argument by Descartes. For example, in the novel, time is an important aspect that is brought to show how David is out of time in making certain decisions. This shows that David is unable to think so as to make the right decisions. This means that David’s mind is not representing the roles of the mind of having the capability of thinking. Baldwin uses this scene to give a show on the issue of mind and its roles. Additionally, it is also shown in the letters written by David’s father to David urging him to make up his mind on what he is doing for his life. At one time David’s father repeatedly reminded David of his age and urged him to go back to America. This means that David

Lab report about lenses Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

About lenses - Lab Report Example All these have been exemplified well in the analysis segment and discussion segment. The main objective of this experiment is the determination of the focal length as well as the focal points of lenses. In this entire experiment, two methodologies for finding out the spherical lens’s focal length were chosen. They refer to the lens replacement methodology, and the lens formula methodology. The first method sets basis on the lens formula which is very essential when it comes to this concept. This formula states that there is a linear relationship between, image distance (v), object distance (u), and focal length (f) of the spherical lens (Boston, 2010).Therefore, after recording some variables regarding the object and the image distances, the computation of the focal length will be a very easy task. This can be done using the following formula: On the other hand, the lens replacement technique has to do with a number of frameworks. For instance; if the screen and the lamp housing are separated from maybe (a) to around (s) cm, two positions between shall definitely be established, hence leading to the formation of an image on a screen. This is with accordance to the concept of reversibility of light. From that point, the focal length can hence be computed using the following formula: The experiment started after assembling all the apparatus that included; the optical lens, light source, optical benches, lens mounts, as well as the screens. Using the lens mounts, a lens was mounted on a flat surface. The targeted object was then placed at a specific distance in front of the lens. The screen was thus placed at the rear end so as to monitor the reflected image. The object distance was slightly altered with, and based on this, the consequent variation on the image distance was thus determined. The same procedure was repeated with a constant variation in the object distances. The results were the recorded accordingly for further

Common Practices in Religion Essay Example for Free

Common Practices in Religion Essay What is Religion? The term religion comes from the Latin word ‘religare’ which means to bind. In the world today, there are different forms of religious groups and followings that have unique beliefs and practices depending on their history. It is estimated that there are thousands of religions in the world, including the mainstream religious groups and others that are not known. One of the common characteristics of religious groups is that they all believe in the existence of a supreme being. However, there are those who don’t believe in religion. For such people, religion only assumes the existence of a supreme being while there is no substantive evidence to support the said belief. According to Norris Inglehart, through the practice of atheism, atheists believe that religion is just a fallacy that might have developed in the past and passed on from generation to generation through the various teachings in culture (2011). For enthusiasts, the reason people are afraid to question religious teachings is because of the fear of repercussions that are likely to occur due to such disbelief. Under this context, religion was assumed to be a creation of scholarly studies in the past with philosophers trying to establish how religion came into being. The major question is what religion is all about and what entails the aspects of it. For most people, there is a thin line between culture and religion. This explains why different cultures have their specific religion and beliefs. However, there are various contentious issues that have never been solved over the years. One thing that would totally shift the paradigm and, in extension, the balance of nature, is if it turned out that no supreme beings the religions are based upon exist. Such a situation would totally erode the gains made in the religious world today and also lead to mass confusion among the staunch religious followers. However, some of the religious beliefs are so strong  that they cannot be influenced by any emerging trend regarding their faith. â€Å"Most of the common definition of religion excludes some fundamental facts about religion and offering an adequate explanation of what religion is† (Hood et al., 2009). From a general perspective, religion is commonly defined as the belief in God. This belief, however, is considered as vague as it excludes some of the ideas that characterize some religious followings such as atheism. If religion was to be solely defined as the belief in God, what would the other religious groups that either believe in a different supreme being and those of atheism be referred to as? This tendency of generalization is what often causes some misconception that is associated with how religion is defined. Then what is the worldview of religion and how is it defined in different places around the world? There are arguments that religion is not hard to define, but rather it is the people themselves who often create the confusion regarding its definition. According to Heelas (2005), one of the greatest challenges is how to define religion without excluding any religious beliefs or followings in the word today. However, there is a conventional way of defining religion which incorporates the primary fundamentals of religion. The following are the fundamentals of religion; The belief in a supernatural being. A clear distinction of what is regarded as the moral way of doing things in accordance with the different religious beliefs and practices. Various rituals that are commonly attributed to the religious groups from different parts of the world. Religious groups have various rituals that characterize the specific religion and establish a code of conduct in which members are supposed to operate. A specific way of communicating with God is done through prayers. However, distinct religious groups have a specific way of praying and other practices that accompany prayers. Different religious feelings that are often experienced whenever the practice is taking place. In some religious groups, members engage in incarnations and a sense of adoration. In other groups, however, there is always the aspect of guilt and repentance during religious sermons. From this approach, the worldview related to religion and what religion entails becomes clear. In most cases, it is believed that religion and religious groups in extensions are very different. This explains why there is no single approach as to what entails  religious practices. However, there is a common characteristic of religion that can be used to generalize the practice from a worldview perspective. In the world today, religion continues to shape the life of the people, whereby the religious followings and teachings provide a guideline on how people are supposed to live and interact with each other and with God. The mainstream religious groups attract millions of followers, which is an indication of just how strong religious faith is. In addition, there are thousands of religious followings that are not captured in the mainstream studies of religion but continue to exist with their distinct religious practices. Religion can, therefore, be universally defined as a compilation of religious systems that share a common belief and focus on the unique characteristics of the members of religious faith. References Heelas, P., Woodhead, L., Seel, B., Tusting, K., Szerszynski, B. (2005). The Spiritual Revolution: Why Religion is Giving Way to Spirituality. Blackwell. Hood Jr, R. W., Hill, P. C., Spilka, B. (2009). Psychology of religion: An empirical approach. Guilford Press. Norris, P., Inglehart, R. (2011). Sacred and secular: Religion and politics worldwide. Cambridge University Press.

Club Drugs Essay -- essays research papers

It’s 6 o’clock on a Saturday morning and while some teenagers are enjoying the extra hours of sleep, many are still bouncing around to the sounds of techno music. Thousands of teenagers and even some adults gather into clubs decorated with black lights, disco balls, and tons of smoke machines. Their hearts are pounding and their pulse is racing at the speed of light, all compliments of designer drugs known as club drugs (National Institute on Drug Abuse). Changing the molecular structure of an existing drug or drugs to create a new substance creates designer drugs (Kusinitz 151). The all night dance parties, known as raves, are about the wildest thing going from midnight till dawn, and often beyond. Just because these drugs may portray something that may sound like fun, the downfall of these drugs make you think twice before taking them at the club. Raves are becoming more popular than ever and these designer drugs are becoming even easier to get a hold of (Kusinitz 46). When asked, over 50 percent of high school seniors said they knew they could get ecstasy â€Å"fairly easily† or â€Å"very easily† if needed (National Institute on Drug Abuse). Since untrained amateurs commonly create designer drugs in underground laboratories, the drugs can be dangerous (Mass 16). Among all designer drugs, MDMA, or Ecstasy is the most commonly used (Kusinitz 47). Others include Ketamine known commonly as Special K or â€Å"K†, and LSD also known as acid. Ecstasy is used at the party and rave scene for it...

Meiji Period Essay -- essays research papers fc

Meiji Period 1868-1912 Meiji Period, also known as Meiji restoration, was a turning point for Japan as it created equality amongst all Japanese people. The new Japanese government (after the failure of the Tokugawa government) successfully broke down the boundaries between the social classes, established human rights such as the religious freedom, and took all the land that belonged to the former feudal lords (daimyo) and returned it to the government. With an effort to expand to acquire Western skills in all fields of technology, legislation and science, Japan sought all aspects of western culture and education. While receiving the skills and knowledge, Japan also received its first European style constitution in 1889. In order to carry out the expansion effort to turn Japan into an Industrial country, exchanges of educators and students within the Western and Eastern countries frequently took place. Foreign experts entered Japan to teach the Western culture, while some Japanese students migrated to the West to learn what the West had to offer. In 1880, 140 Japanese lived in the United States. Within ten years time, the number of Japanese living in the United States increased to 2038. This alarming figure triggered the United States government, which led to the implementation of the Immigration Act in 1924, targeting directly to Japanese Immigrants in the United States. While seeking westernization of all parts of society and culture, Japanese brought back the â€Å"Western st...

Storge Art History Essay Essay

Storge, the Greek word for familial love, is the title of the art exhibition. Consisting of six works of art, of varying mediums, all but one from the modern era, this art show is meant to project love of family, and the feelings it may bring, whether they are joy or anguish. All the pieces in the show are meant to evoke maternal or paternal feelings in the viewers, and when combined, the pieces are meant to show the journey of parenthood. The duality of the show should be clear with the contrast between some of the happier pieces, such as The Bath, by Cassat, or The Cradle, by Morisot, and some of the darker works, like Migrant Mother, by Lange, and the very famous Pieta, by Michelangelo. The exhibition is also supposed to demonstrate the timelessness of storge, that no matter what century it is, feelings of parenthood are always powerful. Each piece will be placed on its own in a large plain room, and the viewers will walk from one room the next in a sort of chronological order, illustrating the journey of a child’s growth, and how it may affect their parents. The first work shown is The Cradle, and was painted in 1872 using oil on canvas, by Impressionist artist, Berthe Morisot. The piece is of Morisot’s sister Edma gazing at her sleeping baby daughter, and is a beautiful depiction of true motherly love. Morisot used her sister Edma as a model in several other works, like Young Woman Seated at a Window, however, the most powerful works, I found, were the depictions of motherhood, of Edma with her children, such as Hide-and-Seek or On the Grass. The Cradle instills a maternal sense in most viewers, which, after closer inspection seems to be due to the way Morisot had positioned her sister. Edma’s hand drawing the curtain over the cradle, partially obscuring the baby from view creates a feeling of intimacy, and shows the traditional protectiveness a mother has for her child. While the colours that Morisot chose create a somewhat somber feeling, the piece isn’t quite sad. It projects a sense of contentment and serenity, especially coming from the mother’s expression. Some have detected a slight sense of longing in the mother’s eyes, possibly wishing to be able to keep her child safe like this forever, but overall, Morisot creates a peaceful atmosphere evoking motherly sensations in the viewers. The Bath (1892), by Mary Cassat, is another oil on canvas Impressionist painting, also depicting a mother and child. The child in this piece is a few years older than the baby in Morisot’s The Cradle, demonstrating the show’s idea of a child’s growth. Some have described Cassat’s series of pieces showing mother and child as â€Å"largely unsentimental†, however, there is an undeniable feeling of closeness between the two figures, a mother and a daughter. The body language of the mother shows tender care for her daughter, as she gently washes her child’s toes during bathtime. The child, mostly naked, sitting on her mother’s lap is a picture of innocence and vulnerability. The mother cradling her child, holding the girl on her lap with an arm around her hip, creates an image of quiet protectiveness similar to The Cradle. The effect of putting The Bath after Morisot’s piece symbolizes the strong love that mother’s have for their children, because they are both pieces that show the strong bond between parent and child. The painting in the next room after The Bath, is The Banjo Lesson, painted using oil on canvas in 1893, by Henry Ossawa Tanner, a prominent African-American Impressionist painter. This piece shows a black father or grandfather with a young boy on his lap, teaching the boy to play the banjo. Compared with the two works that came before it, The Banjo Lesson shows an even closer bond between parent and child. The closeness of the two figures shows a strong familiarity between them, and again, a feeling of intimacy and protectiveness. The child stands between the man’s legs, leaning against his knee and torso, studiously trying to play a banjo, that’s too big for him, emphasizing his youth and frailty. The man, old and weather, intently watches the child’s delicate fingers, while supporting the neck of the instrument. This painting symbolizes the sharing of knowledge between parent and child, which is a big part of the parental journey. Though there are heavy shadows on the figures’ faces, the concentrated expressions are obvious, and despite that Tanner used mostly darker colours for the foreground, the lighter background, suggesting a fireplace off to the side, creates a feeling of physical warmth, combined with the heartwarming feeling the piece brings. The next three pieces of the Storge show shift the feeling from maternal or paternal warmth, to a slightly sadder sort of feeling. Coming after The Banjo Lesson, is a series of black and white photographs, taken in 1936, Nipomo, California, by Dorothea Lange, called Migrant Mother. The photos all show a poor pea picker, Florence Owens Thompson, the mother of seven children, wearing looks of worry and extreme sadness. All the photos in the set are extremely powerful, because of the feeling of desperation and heartache they generate in viewers of the pictures. At the time, Thompson and her kids had been existing off of frozen vegetables from the field and any birds that her children could kill. The children are positioned differently from photograph to photograph, but the expression on the mother’s face remains the same. It is a mixture of different emotions: disappointment, that she was unable to give her children a proper home; deep concentration, trying to find a way to make a better life for her family; serious concern, about how to make ends meet, where their next meal would come from; and tiredness, physically and mentally exhausted. In most pictures, she cradles her infant, while her other children lean on her. The body language of all the figures represents how a parent is a support system for the child, no matter how exhausted they are. The next work in the Storge exhibition is Arrangement in Grey and Black: Portrait of the Painter’s Mother, painted by James McNeill Whistler, in 1871. The oil on canvas, Impressionist piece shows, as the title dictates, the artist’s mother. At first glance, I had assumed, as did many others, that the mother was at her child’s funeral. It is a very somber picture, the woman wearing all black, clearly old, seeming vulnerable and sad. With some research, I learned that is definitely not what happened. Whistler’s mother had, apparently, sat in on for the portrait when the model became sick. It’s interesting how this piece shows a different sort of familial love. Rather than parent to child, it’s child to parent. Whistler managed to really evoke his mother’s Protestant character with the pose, expression, and colours that he used. There is exceptional attention to detail when it comes to his mother’s face, which kind of symbolizes their relationship. He would have to be very close to her to capture her character in his art, and even to physically recreate her face. I also detected a slight feeling of worry on Whistler’s part, with his mother aging. She had been standing at the start of the portrait, but she had to sit down due to her frailty. So while I did detect, after learning of Whistler’s intentions, a feeling of peace and contentment in the painting, I also felt the feeling of sadness that a child has when the realize they don’t have very much time left with their parent. The last piece, though it breaks from the vaguely chronological order of the show, is arguably the most powerful depiction of mother and son, not just in the show, but ever. Michelangelo’s Pieta, carved from Carrara marble, completed in 1499, depicts every parent’s worst nightmare, the death of a child. Mary holds Jesus’ lifeless body on her lap after the Crucifixion, cradling him in the same way she has been shown cradling Jesus as an infant. Her palms are turned upward as if asking why God would take her son from her, especially in such a violent way. Her face, a picture of numbness and vulnerability, combined with the body language of the two figures creates a sense of a very natural relationship, and shows the bond that was shared between Mary and her son. This piece evokes a very strong reaction in all viewers, of despair and empathy. Regardless of religious background, people have been known to break down into tears at the sight of Pieta, struck by what it would feel like to lose a child. Storge is meant to elicit a strong reaction in all viewers, not just parents. The pieces chosen for this exhibit were meant to show the best and worst events that could occur during parenthood, from cradling your toddler, to cradling your slain child. Viewers should go from craving the bond of parent and child at the beginning of the show, to feeling the loss of a child by the end of it. The artists chosen for this were mostly Impressionist, but I find the most powerful pieces, Migrant Mother by Lange and Pieta by Michelangelo, came from opposite ends of the time spectrum. This shows the timelessness of the journey of parenthood.

Budget Hotel

The Advantages and Disadvantages of 7 Days Inn As a typical budget hotel, Seven Days Group Holdings Limited established in 2005 and now, more than 1000 Seven Days Inn have scattered all around the China (Zhang, 2012). I registered to be a member of 7 Days Inn two years age, and have already lodged in three branch stores in different cities during my travels. Budget hotels are considered as 1 star hotel because they provide lodging at cheaper price varies from 30$-40$ per room per night.The main service is providing guest rooms with limited amenities for general tourists and business travelers(Song, 2009). In the last few years, budget hotel has demonstrated its huge market potential, especially within the key consumer groups, like backpackers and university students. Being one of the top ten budget hotels in China, 7 Days Inn has its obvious advantages, such as various reservation systems, convenient hotel locations and enthusiastic services. The primary reason for customers choosing Seven Days Inn is that it provides a complete hotel reservations system.Hotel reservation system, commonly known as a central reservation system (CRS) is a computerized system that stores and distributes information of a hotel, resort, or other lodging facilities (Zhang, 2012). A complete reservation system is important because it is assistance for hotel staffs to manage all of their online marketing and sales, where they can upload their rates and availabilities to be seen by all customers. And for the customers, they can finish their reservations through multiple channels, like internet, telephone and e-mail.Thanks to the 7 Days Inn’s complete reservation system, I could still book a room in time with my mobile phone after I suddenly changed my travel plan in Zhuhai. The second advantage of 7 Days Inn is the convenient location. During my traveling, I found it easy to get to the locations of the branch stores I had booked, because they were either near bus stations or the landmarks of the districts. Different kinds of customers choose 7 Days Inn for different purposes, some for vacations, while others for business. No matter for what purposes, locations of the hotels will surely play a big role in the overall enjoyment of the trip.That's because a well-located hotel will significantly cut down the amount of time you waste in traffic or trying to navigate an unfamiliar place. As a customer-friendly budget hotel, nearly 35% of the 7 Days Inn runs shuttles to and from popular sightseeing destinations, and the rest of its branch stores mainly locate near the metro stations or bus stations (Liu, 2008). At that point, the customers will save money as well as time on cab fare or public transportation. All the staffs trying their best to provide enthusiastic services are the most prominent advantage of the 7 Days Inn.Service quality has been reported as having apparent relationship to costs, profitability, customer satisfaction, customer retention, behaviora l intention, and positive word-of-mouth (Boltan, 1991). To provide high quality service, all staffs in 7 Days Inn are required to wear clean uniform and satisfy customers’ requirements with smiling faces to the greatest extent. Besides, high service quality also has strategic benefits of contributing to market-share and return on investment, as well as in lowering manufacturing costs and improving productivity.Accordingly, in 2011, 7 Days Inn’s annual revenue growth rate increased 28%, which illustrates the importance of high service quality (Li, 2012). Although Seven Days Inn has three aforementioned advantages, at the same time, its reputation is also devalued at a certain extent by its disadvantages, such as the deficient company website with limited information and obsolete equipments in some guest rooms. Firstly, 7 Days Inn’s company website is underdeveloped, which just with some limited or outdated information.A company website is a fairly inexpensive bus iness tool that can serve a purpose for both the company and its clients. With a thorough company website, 7 Days Inn can feature a complete electronic version of its catalog, in which describe all its products and services in greater details. For its clients, they will have the convenience of reading about the service and updated information on their own time. 7 Days Inn already had a website, but as a permanent member, I only use it for my reservation. Most of the customers can not find some more interesting and eye-catching information.Besides presenting its hotel rate and some basic hotel introductions, to well develop its company website, the 7 Days Inn’s webmasters should take measures to perfect its company website, like encouraging all the staffs and customers to publish their ideas and experiences of lodging in 7 Days Inn. On the other hand, obsolete and deficient equipments in some guest rooms also make the customers unsatisfied with 7 Days Inn. I once complained th e small and obsolete TV set in my guest room, because I even could not find CCTV-NEWS channel.Among all the problems about deficient and obsolete equipments, the dullish and yellow lighting in some branch stores is most annoying. Lighting, whose aim is to temporarily receive guests and revivify the staffs, has to be designed for different purposes in different areas. However, in two branch stores that I lodged in, the lightings in corridors were so dim during days and nights, while the lighting color and intensity in the guest rooms was unchangeable. In a hotel, during the day, people are attracted by the interior design, by furnishings, shapes and colors.But at night the hotel has a second dimension, since the guest needs to stay in a safe, comfortable and protected atmosphere, but even relaxing, clean and efficient (Cui, 2007). So the lighting system in 7 Days Inn can be perfected by installing new type of lighting which can change its color and intensity, especially in the recept ions and guest rooms. The disadvantages I mentioned above have been complained by some other customers according to the evaluation records in its website. So, it is high time for the managements of 7 Days Inn to take actions. In 2011, 7 Days Inn’s market share was 12. 3%, the second among all the budget hotels in China. During the previous three quarters, it opened 838 branch stores, 95 more when compared with the year earlier (Li, 2012). With its rapid development, 7 Days Inn will surely occupy larger market shares. But, it has to insure the environment and services quality in every branch store. Nevertheless, improving its disadvantages is the main task for managements. References Boltan, R. N. (1991). A Longitudinal Analysis of the Impact of Service Changes on Customer Attitude. Journal of Marketing, 20(1), 1-25. Retrieved June 16, 2012, from http://www. jstor. rg/stable/25061184? . Cui, D. D. (2007). An Analysis of the Developing Prospects and Strategies of Chinese Econom y Hotel from 2000 to 2007. Journal of the Postgraduate of Zhongnan University of Economics and Laws, 5(3), 5-11. Retrieved June 16, 2012, from http;//dlib4. ehttp://dlib4. edu. cnki. net/kns50/detail. aspx? dbname=CJFDTEMP=ZNCZ200706018. Li, D. (2012). Analysis on Financing Development of Economic Hotel in Capital Market. Journal of Tourism College of Zhejiang, 9(3), 13-20. Retrieved June 16, 2012, from http://dlib4. edu. cnki. net/kns50/detail/=CJFDTEMP=LYXY20080212. Liu, M. Q.

Discuss the idea of the film narrator/narration in relation to verbal to visual issues

I will be looking at the different notions of the ‘narrator' in relation to both verbal and visual texts then I will be discussing the importance of montage and mise-en-scene in the construction of a film, otherwise the ‘narration' of a film. I will also examine concepts of the film narrator in relation to the verbal to visual process put forward by theorists and film scholars and use examples from the texts The Camomile Lawn by Mary Wesley (1984), The English Patient by Michael Ondaatje (1992) and Emma by Jane Austen (1816). I will also touch upon ‘focalization' within the context of the narrator. Before I discuss the concept of film narrator, I will briefly touch on the narrator of the literary text so as to realise the fundamental differences between them. In a verbal text, the narrator will fall into one of three basic types; the speaker who uses his own voice, one who assumes the voice/voices of other persons, and not speak in his own voice and one who uses a mixture of his own and other persons voices. Cuddon, 1998: 535) The distinction between the three are very important, where all are evidently still narrators, the speaker who uses his own voice or the first-person narrator is ‘active in the plot' whereby the speaker who do not use his voice, the third-person narrator is ‘outside or above the plot' yet still in the text (extra diegetic). In the verbal text, Emma, the story is told through an omniscient narrative. This narrator has the power to look into the character's psyche as well as manipulate the reader therefore their role as an objective narrator has failed; ‘Harriet certainly was not clever, but she had a sweet, docile, grateful disposition; was totally free from conceit; and only desiring to be guided by any one she looked up to. ‘ (Austen, 1816: 24). Here the narration is from the viewpoint of Emma describing Harriet's personality as she sees it. We do not know of her disposition as anything other than the way Emma prescribes. The problem here is that we get only a biased viewpoint and often you experience the author's intervention too. The third-person narrative in The English Patient is different; the storyteller stands further away from the immediate action. They do not attempt to intervene with the action other than tell it as it is presented; ‘She walks over the paved stones, grass in the cracks. He watches her black-stockinged feet, the thin brown dress. She leans over the balustrade. ‘ (Ondaatje, 1992: 32). In Wesley's The Camomile Lawn, there are constant transitions in focalizers as the novel is multi-voiced and follows the stories of several characters over many decades so the role of the narrator switches between characters often with just a space between paragraphs to separate the transitions. Still, it is easy to grasp and does not really intervene with the flow of the story. When making a movie, the two most important elements that matter are; a, everything that goes in the scene and b, the editing of the scenes. When referring to the scenes and its contents, it is known as mise-en-scene. Translated, it literally means putting-on-stage, and is ‘the arrangement of performers and properties on a stage for a theatrical production or before the camera in a film' (The American Heritage(r) Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, 2000). This term refers to the staging of the film and the director's control over what appears in the film frame: dicor, direction of the actors, lighting, camera movement, choice of lenses and so on. In order to visualise the verbal text, importance is often placed into mise-en-scene. In Emma, the period in which the drama was set was evidently emphasised through the costumes in which the characters wore. The costumes in Emma depicted each person's social status and personality, traits that were of importance in the verbal text and therefore needed to be narrated in the visual text. Another important aspect in the novel was the abode of certain characters, something else that was significant in the literary discourse. Hartfield and Randalls, the homes of the affluent in the movie were very much larger-than-life, the viewer can almost feel the grandness through the screen and in contrast, the homes of Miss Bates and the peasants Emma and Harriet visited were very humble indeed, the carefully selected interior and costumes of characters tell more than the dialogue. At the start of the film, there is an animated spinning globe on the screen that has images of the main characters from the film on them. It shows Emma and Mr Knightley placed at the top of the globe, in the middle is Mr Elton and at the bottom of the globe is Miss Bates and Miss Taylor. This style of presentation in the movie is in itself a form of narrative whereby the director has decided to, in advance, set the social statuses of the characters before the film even begins. This is because in the film, there is only a voiceover narrative from Emma herself, the third-person narration from the literary discourse that has descriptive information is removed therefore it is necessary to include elements that can help the viewer to construct the story as Emma can not know everything that is happening, she is not omniscient. Writing Emma was basically a tool for Austen to make a mockery of the social snobbery present in the early 19th century and she does this by allowing Emma, an upper-class daughter of a rich man, to let her imagination and daydreams to overcome reason, then finally admit defeat to reality. The music in the background often sounds jovial yet there is an undertone of mockery, as though her character should not be taken seriously. She is introduced in the novel as; ‘Emma Woodhouse, handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition, seemed to unite some of the best blessings of existence; and had lived nearly twenty-one years in the world with very little to distress or vex her. ‘ (Austen, 1816: 7). In the film version, Emma herself could not have narrated this information as it would be inappropriate so therefore costume and behaviour (mise-en-scene) would have to articulate her character instead. In The English Patient, there were certain codes put into the choice of costumes, for instance, the character Katherine always dressed in the colour white, symbolic of purity, yet her character is having an adulterous affair with her husband's friend, perhaps it stressed the irony of her predicament. In the desert scenes, the expanse of barren land swamping the characters shows the loneliness that many of the characters are feeling, including Hana, Caravaggio and Kip. The use of non-vernacular music also creates the distance they are all at from their homeland. The next important aspect of filmmaking is the use of Montage. From the French for ‘assemble', the term refers to the process of cutting, assembling, arranging or editing of shots. In other words, it is ‘a method of putting shots together in such a way that dissimilar materials are juxtaposed to make a statement'. (Pennsylvania State University Website, 2002). The approach to editing was developed by Soviet filmmakers of the 1920s, notably Eisenstein. Continuity editing, or narrative montage is the assembly of shots that results in a smooth flow of narrative in an order making obvious sense in terms of time and place. This style is associated with American films of the studio era and may be referred to as classical cutting or decoupage classique. Emma displays techniques of this principle. Filmmakers of the sixties and seventies often made use of the Collision Principle for jarring transitions from cut to cut and to stress discontinuities in time and space. (Andrew J. Dudley, 1976: 42-71). This use of editing is effective for reflections of time memory, and emotional states, as seen in The English Patient and The Camomile Lawn. The English Patient relies heavily on the reflection of emotional states as Almasy is using his memory to tell us a story and therefore, the transition into his past is often smoothed along with the use of sound effects or montage to help jog his memory such as the thumping of feet on the ground immerged with the beating of drums to dissolve into an external analepsis. The concept of film narrator or narration has been theorised and analysed by many thinkers of the twentieth century. Linguistic ideologies have also been applied to the study of film and I will hereby observe those attempted by Jakob Lothe, Christian Metz and David Bordwell. Jakob Lothe argues in Narrative in Fiction and Film, An Introduction (2000) that the film narrator is ‘the superordinate ‘instance' that presents all the means of communication that film has at its disposal', that they are equated to the third-person narrator in a literary novel and act as the film maker's communicative instrument guiding the viewer's perception of the film. He illustrates his view with a diagram (1990:134-5) by Seymour Chatman (fig. 1) which shows ‘the multiplexity of the cinematic narrator', who is the sum of all these and other variables. The diagram demonstrates it is the viewer who constructs the narrative synthesis. This would link well with the views of film scholar David Bordwell who believes that film has no narrator, that the film narration is the ‘organisation of a set of cues for the construction of a story'. He sees narration as completely central in film but places importance on the viewers response, the perceived not the sender. This set of cues includes an indeterminate number of visual and auditory impressions that the viewer has to construct a story with (Lothe, 2000; 28). Christian Metz realised that film is not a ‘language' but another kind of semiotic system with ‘articulations' of its own. Cinema in relation to verbal language is not direct and is at best partial and complex. He advocated that ‘the analogy is strained at the level of appearance, for filmic signification doesn't at all look like verbal language'. Film image has a natural level of expressivity whereby the world speaks through the images in a normal or somewhat deflect way and it is up to the filmmaker to strengthen and work on these primary expressions if he wants to signify his own meaning. Andrew J. Dudley, 1976: 213-241) In The English Patient, screenwriter and director Anthony Minghella uses the power of sound to aid narration as well as Hollywood's typical narrative in relying heavily on the use of mise-en-scene. The exotic locales presented in the film really set the scene and romantic mood with which the film exudes, in a way, the viewer is almost overwhelmed by the scenery. The cinematography really speaks for itself and eliminates a lot of the narrative that was present in the novel in their attempt to set the place for the reader of the text. In The Camomile Lawn, the change in focalizers is rather subtle. In the literary text, we sense the shifts more consciously whereas with a visual narrative, the viewer is used to following different strands of plot at one go including those of several characters. As well as changes in focalizers, The Camomile Lawn also experiments with shifts in narrative time. It is debatable whether the story is set in present time with flashbacks external analepsis) or set during the war period and ‘flashing forwards'. It is suggested that the whole story was narrated from the viewpoint of Sophie even though she is not the most frequent focalizer throughout the novel but many things that happen often fall into Sophie's perspective and the consequences of other people's actions and how they affect her. In the visual narrative of The Camomile Lawn the film maker attempts to keep as much of Sophie's perspective as much as he can so as to keep in accordance to the intended author's wishes. As with all types of narration, we must consider if they are reliable or unreliable. All narrator's have an artificial authority and we as the reader or viewer ‘must accept [their information] without question if we are to grasp the story that is to follow' (Booth cited in Lothe, 2000: 25). The fundamental rule in any narrative fiction is often to believe the narrator unless the text at some point gives us a signal not to. When this is the case, the narrator becomes unreliable. In The English Patient, a reliable narrator tells the literary text and the film text is shot by an objective camera. This stays in coherence with the original and works well. In Emma, the novel is narrated in third-person but is unreliable as it is told through the perspective of the female protagonist and therefore bias. In the visual narrative, it employs a voiceover by Emma herself and therefore definitely is subjective. In The Camomile Lawn, the verbal discourse is told through a multitude of narrative levels, as well as changes in focalizers, and narrative time/space, the narrative perspective changes from first to third person continuously which is true also for the screen adaptation. In conclusion to my findings, it is true to say that the perceived authors of both verbal and visual texts cannot be compared so because it all depends on the intention of the produced effect. If a filmmaker takes a verbal narrative, he or she may or may not want to transpose all elements of the original narrative but on the other hand has something to aspire to, should they wish to take that path. With the texts I have chosen, that there are a variant of reasons as to why they have been chosen to be visual. The Camomile Lawn, was adapted for a television series therefore it had plenty of time to allow much of the original narrative to be kept in and stayed as close to the original in terms mise-en-scene too. The English Patient was transposed into a Hollywood blockbuster and therefore had no room for multiple storylines to override one another so the subplots were dropped significantly from the literary discourse and emphasis placed on one love story. Emma, on the other hand was more of a period drama with a moral story and was closely contrasted to the original in many aspects all except for the narrative perspective.