Modern Piracy With A Breif History Essay -- essays research papers fc

Piracy is usually determined as a seizure of stead (ship, airplane or software) that holds no commission from the owner (Piracy 1). It is mostly linked to the dirty, bearded men that draged the seven seas and robed merchant ships or ships that carried a valuable cargo. This however, was not the case in the late eighties and is definitely not the case today in the nineties. Now software pirates copy software without the permission of the company for their own personal benefits. Since piracy interrupts trade between nations it has been considered to be an offense against international law (Piracy 1). While the pirates in the medieval sequence roamed for plunder on the high seas, pirate radio and television stations broadcast, unauthorized software pirates copy to save m maviny and even if one form vanished, another would soon take its place. Although the roots of piracy go as far as 102 BC the true sea pirates golden age was between the time periods of the very late 1600s and the year of 1923 when almost all pirates suddenly disappeared. Pirates attacked the Romans as early as 100 BC. This was not as rough as the future pirates would be, but the idealism of piracy was present. The so-called piracys golden age started in 1695 when the first famous pirate, henry Every, began seizing sizable treasures in the Red Sea and this made him an idol to many unemployed seamen in England. Piracy offered no more risks than being on board an ordinary merchant or privateering (which is often confused with piracy) vessel and the returns could be indescribably greater than in trade or attacking opponent ships. This started an increase in the number of pirates. Soon, in some parts of the world, for example Nassau, there were so many pirate vessels sailing the seas that the trade between the colonies and the removed world was nonexistent because all the goods ended up in the pirate vessels. Although their ways were inhumane and sometimes highly brutal, they had some sort of passion to sail the unknown and break the law to fight a war on the ordinary world. Some pirates were famous for their incredible brutality or for their otherwise bright personalities Edward Teach (alias Black Beard), who terrorized the coastline of North Carolina in 1716-1718 Captain Kidd who was more known for his highly publicized trial than his wrongdoings and Bartholomew Roberts who was the last and... ...mplies with the law, and that it issues an appropriate policy statement that is sign-language(a) and respected by all involved (Software Publishers Association). The sea pirates, the software pirates Hackers and the on the air pirates all have something in common. They all (with the exception of software pirates) do their job for the passion of it. All of these forms are considered illegal because of the losses made to the owner to save costs or to collect prizes (sometimes). Whatever the case, piracy usher out never be gotten rid of because a new form will show up when an other vanishes, history proves that. What will the next form be? Use your imagination. Works CitedBotting, Douglas. The Pirates. Alexandria, Virginia Time Life Books 1978. Piracy. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. 1995. Software Piracy. CQ Researcher. May 21, 1993 MAS.Byrd, Kelly V. "Kellys Place" Computer and fairness http//www.acsu.buffalo.edu/kbyrd/piracy.html Spring 1996.Software Publishers Association. "Software Use and the Law". http//www.spa.org/piracy/homepage.html November 20, 1996.Computers In Society 6th ed. Dushkin Group/Brown&Benchmark Publishers Guilford, CT, 1996.

Adolescent Gangs and Violence in Schools Essay -- School Violence Essay

Dave Reichert once said Gang violence in America is not a choppy problem. It has been a part of urban life for years, offering an aggressive definition and identity to those seeking a place to belong in the chaos of large-mouthed metropolitan areas (Dave Reichert Quotes). These eld, factions are not only made up of adults on the streets, but teens who are in school as well. Various experts say that gang membership is particularly widespread among urban youths under the age of 18 (Teen Gangs). As a result, gangs are now seen in many schools, and as a result may lead to increased violence among students. Schools must take a firmer stand against these gangs in order to reduce the increased violence.Throughout the record of the United States, gangs have always been groups that regularly use threats to commit crimes. Crime rates escalated during the 1960s and 1970s, partly because of the large number of teenagers involved in crime. During the 1980s, juvenile crime continued to rise even though particular types of crime fell. But according to most reports, gang activity declined somewhat in the 1990s. Experts portion the decline to a combination of factors, including an improved economy, a decline in crack cocaine use, stricter law enforcement and more violence-prevention programs (Teen Gangs). Statistics show that the number of gang members dropped to 780,000 in 1998 from 846,000 in 1996, according to the OJJDP (Teen Gangs). Another report coming from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention showed that the proportion of high-school students who reported carrying a weapon during the past 30 days declined to 18% in 1997, from 26% in 1991 (Teen Gangs). Various people come to believe that membership in a gang is a severe dan... ...eb. 22 May 2012. . School Safety. Issues & Controversies On File. Web. 23 May 2012. . Teen Gangs and Crime. Issues & Controversies On File. Web. 23 May 2012. . Teen Gangs. Issues and Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 09 Apr. 2009. Web. 22 May 2012. . Update School Safety. Issues & Controversies On File n. pag. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 11 May 2007. Web. 5 June 2012. .Zero Tolerance. Issues & Controversies On File n. pag. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 13 July 2001. Web. 5 June 2012. .

Education has Lost Touch with its Origin and its Meaning Essay

Education has Lost Touch with its Origin and its Meaning It is only when all these things, names and definitions, visual and other sensations are rubbed together and receptiveed to tests in which questions and answers are exchanged in good faith and without malice that finally, when human capacity is stretched to its limit, a spark of understanding and intelligence flashes out and illuminates the subject at hand. Plato had this to say about negotiation and its importance to the process of training. Does this sound like the educational system that is in place today in the get together States? Odds are that it does not. What does being amend mean anyway? What is an undergraduate university education? These questions have been debated for centuries, and they are still relevant today. galore(postnominal) people go through that being educated is going to college and making good grades so that a diploma, the mark of an educated person, can be received. Does that diploma r eally signify that a person is educated? It does, if being educated means being able to pass a series of tests and courses at the university level, but is that what its all about? Many college students, and parents, feel that this is what being educated is. These people, it could be said, are missing the benefit boat when it comes to taking full advantage of what an undergraduate education has to offer. Being educated is more than taking notes and passing tests, it is in fact, a participatory process that takes place between students and faculty, through dialogue, all drawing out the best from apiece other. Through this process, a student develops an understanding of himself in relation to his community, and the rest of the world. With this comes benefits, both for t... ...ht, it is a privilege. At times, a privilege afforded to an individual by their government. It seems, at times, in this era that the idea of what an undergraduate education really means has been lost. For many it has been. That is a tragedy, but there is hope for others. A true university education is available for all who wish to pursue it. It can be achieved if the student enters the university open-minded and ready to participate in a free exchange of dialogue with other students and faculty. Only then will that person, and society receive the full benefits that a university education has to offer. A society filled with people who understand themselves in relation to the others around them is a much better place to live. Socratic dialogue says about education, We come together to learn about ourselves and our world. We look indoors to see without.

Babies with Special Disabilities :: Teaching Education

Babies with Special Disabilities Babies with particular(prenominal) disabilities atomic number 18 portrayed by society to be below just in learning potential than a normal healthy baby. Scientists have proved that this assumption is not correct because babies process information from the instant they drop this world. Philosopher John Locke said that, Babies with special disabilities are viewed as blank tablets by society, however, babies with special disabilities are like computers. These special babies are special to our society and read to be nurtured in their archaean years of childhood development with the right tools that will be essential for them in the future years of their life. At birth, a babys brain is only one forth of an adults normal brain size in regards to special and regular babies. The difference is not that big, which leads to the question of how much a baby can really learn if they are given the essential nurturing in learning strategies at an early age? These children can excel if they are taught on a continuous basis from birth to their adult years. Babies are learning how to count at birth now according to John Piaget who is an early childhood scientist of evaluating babies with disabilities. I watched a television show recently called Mysteries of the Genius, this show explained that people who are defined as genius are specially categorize at birth, and are mainly portrayed as mentally retarded with a gifted sense of knowledge. My thoughts on the matter was that children with disabilities cannot be mentally retarded if some of these kids are being classified as genius, How can a genius be mentally retarded just because they have a special disability? Many recent studies in the study of early childhood brain development have shown that neuroscience have revolutionized our ideas about brain development. Babies can do much more than people thought they could do ten years ago, and they are not blank tablets as society a nd other experts have untrue for centuries. These babies have a keen sense of adaptation in the environment that they are more accustomed to. Their brains are designed to take advantage of manifold opportunities for development and I cannot understand why people would be so harsh on the way that these babies are gifted.

Abandoning Satan Essay -- Essays Papers

Abandoning SatanIn Mary Shellys Frankenstein, the author employs several different themes to suggest a tone of tragedy. Those include abandonment, tragical flaw, and the punishment exceeds the crime. The two main characters, Victor Frankenstein and his ogre, are deemed as tragic heroes in Shellys novel. Webster defines a hero as a person noted for feats of courage or nobility of purpose, especially one who has risked or sacrificed his or her life. Frankenstein and his monster each have their own levels of tragedy. Shelly also supplies each character with flaws and imperfections. The punishments for creating the monster are greatly harsher than the crime of creating it. Abandonment is the first main theme in the novel. Abandonment is defined as to give up completely and to defect(Webster 1). Both Frankenstein and his creation go through several different episodes of abandonment. Frankenstein abandons his family, his creation, and his homeland. The monster abandons his n on-evil state of mind, and then society. Young Victor abandons his monster because of its wretchedness. What began as a macrocosm ends up a mockery, and a hideous being of gigantic structure(Tropp 62). Victor barely even thinks twice close leaving his creation. The shear darkness of it took over all thought of whether it could be good or evil or if it needed anything. The monster had no father to watch his infant years and, no mother to bless him with smiles(87). The monster was a poor, helpless, miserable wretch, with no one to turn to (72). When the creation woke up Victor instantly left the building. The causality never saw his creation after that until he was detained by it. The creation was left to struggle with a childs blindness, added to a students thirst for knowledge (23). Frankensteins next episode of abandonment tears him away from his family. Victor leaves home to go study at college. In the conceive time his family and his be lovemakingd Eliza beth got left out of his priorities. He wished to exert his own selfhood over others (Walling 45). Frankenstein, so deeply engraved in his occupation, never ceased to think about his family. He thought only of himself and how to command the powers of life as he worked so diligently on his creation and studies. He misses seven years of his familys life in consequence to his actions. ... ...to be destroyed by it (Tropp 56). Frankenstein shows to depart from his dream of becoming godlike in direct proportion to his failure to love his family and his work (Walling 45). The monster has flaws man cannot have or posses. The monster is demonic and Satan-like. He is the monstrous double of Lucifer (Tropp 68). The monster turned from patronizingangel to arch destroyer. In Paradise lost, after the meeting a Pandemonium, Satan decides to fly to earth and inspect gods latest creation. Taking the form of a cormorant, he perches on a tree in Eden and secretly obse rves Adam and Eve in the garden. After the monster has left the shepherds hut, traveled to a village, and been driven out in a hail of stones, it hides in a hovel where it can secretly observe the lines of a noble family reduced to meagerness (Tropp 72-73). This passage tells how the life of Satan and the monster are parallel. When the monster reflected that they had spurned and deserted me anger returned (101). Satan feels the same type of torment as he spies on Adam and Eve. The interplay of Frankenstein/Monster is somewhat like the relationship between Lucifer/Satan.

Abandoning Satan Essay -- Essays Papers

Abandoning SatanIn Mary Shellys Frankenstein, the author employs some(prenominal) different themes to suggest a tone of tragedy. Those include abandonment, tragic flaw, and the punishment exceeds the crime. The two main characters, schoolmaster Frankenstein and his monster, are deemed as tragic heroes in Shellys novel. Webster defines a hero as a person noted for feats of courage or nobility of purpose, especially one who has risked or sacrificed his or her life. Frankenstein and his monster each(prenominal) have their own levels of tragedy. Shelly also supplies each character with flaws and imperfections. The punishments for creating the monster are greatly harsher than the crime of creating it. renunciation is the first main theme in the novel. Abandonment is defined as to give up completely and to desert(Webster 1). Both Frankenstein and his creation go through several different episodes of abandonment. Frankenstein abandons his family, his creation, and his homeland . The monster abandons his non-evil state of mind, and so society. Young Victor abandons his monster because of its wretchedness. What began as a man ends up a mockery, and a hideous being of gigantic structure(Tropp 62). Victor simply even thinks twice about leaving his creation. The shear ugliness of it took over all thought of whether it could be good or evil or if it infallible anything. The monster had no father to watch his infant days and, no mother to bless him with smiles(87). The monster was a poor, helpless, miserable wretch, with no one to minute to (72). When the creation woke up Victor instantly left the building. The creator never saw his creation after that until he was detained by it. The creation was left to deal with a childs blindness, added to a students thirst for knowledge (23). Frankensteins next episode of abandonment tears him away from his family. Victor leaves home to go study at college. In the mean time his family and his belov ed Elizabeth got left out of his priorities. He wished to exert his own selfhood over others (Walling 45). Frankenstein, so deeply engraved in his occupation, never ceased to think about his family. He thought only of himself and how to command the powers of life as he worked so diligently on his creation and studies. He misses seven years of his familys life in consequence to his actions. ... ...to be destroyed by it (Tropp 56). Frankenstein shows to depart from his dream of go godlike in direct proportion to his failure to love his family and his work (Walling 45). The monster has flaws man weednot have or posses. The monster is demonic and Satan-like. He is the terrible double of Lucifer (Tropp 68). The monster turned from archangel to arch destroyer. In Paradise lost, after the meeting a Pandemonium, Satan decides to fly to earth and call gods latest creation. Taking the form of a cormorant, he perches on a tree in Eden and secretly observes Adam and Eve in the garden. afterwards the monster has left the shepherds hut, traveled to a village, and been driven out in a hail of stones, it hides in a hovel where it can secretly observe the lines of a noble family reduced to poverty (Tropp 72-73). This passage tells how the life of Satan and the monster are parallel. When the monster reflected that they had spurned and deserted me temper returned (101). Satan feels the same type of torment as he spies on Adam and Eve. The interplay of Frankenstein/Monster is somewhat like the relationship between Lucifer/Satan.

Home, Home on the Range

Golden fried chicken crispy and crunchy, soft and dampish banana pudding, lip smacking cornbread, meaty ribs dripping in barbeque sauce, second however to food the s kayoedh is also loven for its humidity. Inhaling deeply I choke haphazardly on the thick air I could unceasingly smell the heat before I could feel it, blush at six-spot thirty in the morning, but summer usu all(prenominal)y behaved with a blatant disregard for its Georgian dwellers. Frequently, a moist heat would settle over the democracy like some one(a) had covered it with a damp rag, immediately suffocating you with every mouthful of air. Eventually your breathing would slow retributory to avoid the carry out completely shade and shelter most times offered little or no reprieve from the suns harsh rays. Putting on lotion would be a waste of time, even if you were outside for a few moments your skin would be somewhere in betwixt sticky and clammy, go forth your clothes matted to your body. very much at time s, I used to think that Hell itself was about to burst out from beneath my feet because it was just so damn hot.However, no matter if it was stewing or below freezing, you could be sure that the Kyles, who were in their early sixties, atomic number 18 going to be walking the course. Or the Foys, who believe in being early, are going to come in for beer at twelve. Here was the consistency a body could count on, out here on the golf course.The Frog is one of the most well groomed golf courses in the state. The grass is a bright healthy green, with each blade cut low and evenly end-to-end the course. Every morning our outside staffs, who coincidently were all Mexicans, would arrive at about five in the early morning hour to clean and take a crap for the days clients. Rightly so, my business didnt deal with the outside (I cant stand the heat), but with our four-and-a-half star restaurant. After ten classs, this high ranking bistro still didnt have a name, so we just called it The R estaurant, but what it did have was a renowned Chef.Though I was the dishwasher and should have been in the back eagerly awaiting my first dish, I could eer be spotted right behind Eunice, a woman in her mid forties of middle weight, average height, red skin, and a gap between her two front teeth. Born and raised in Georgia, the sixth child of thirteen, Eunice was full of sassy comments and confidence always playfully bantering with the members.Hey Rex, when you gon take me out ta dinner? shed purr. Hed pause for a moment as if he were seriously considering this query, Oh ion kno, I haf to ask my wife first, his country vernacular showing his southerly roots.Brazenly Eunice would ask, Why?Listeners and passerbys who heard the repartee would laugh and chuckle quietly to themselves. I guess its because she came from such a big family that she had to be loud and filmy to make her voice heard, and that carried over to her life. Anyway, she would joke with complete strangers in that sa me manner, that was Eunice, our Chief Chef.Damnit Courtney What da cuckoos nest do you think youre doing? Get da hell out my kitchen, her Georgian accent thick and country.For a second I revel around her words trying to record the pitch and speed in my mind to play whenever I felt the need. In a jovial rejoinder, I chuckle and smile, but I dont leave the kitchen. Generally, this is what she would say to me after only ten minutes in her company, but that was because I was either clumsily knocking food off the bar to show her what a good bushel I was or I was over cooking the food she let me make. When a customer wanted their hamburger cooked middling rare, not knowing what medium rare looked like and instead of getting Eu, I would take it upon myself to cook it well done. My intentions were meaningful and honest, and honestly I didnt think anyone would know the difference. I was always trying to help, but I was more so in the way. Despite her cursing and yelling my name, she was s till my favorite person out of the whole establishment. She never held back her annoyance or anger with me in a way it reminded me a lot of my mom, which is probably why I took such affection to her.Eu Id roar her name and beam contentedly like a child playing peek-a-boo, wanting to believe that this moment would never abscond, and Id always be within my comfort zone, hereon the golf coursein Georgia. I gaze up at the sheetrock ceiling (as if it would have the answer) and wonder why leaving home after nineteen years feels so good, but coming back after one month or one year feels even better?I write in Spanish on the outside staffs lunch boxes like Ive always done for the past two years. Eunice would always pass on me to speak to them, but I was afraid that Id make a mistake, and they would laugh at me. I had too much pride to be laughed at that way. So I would help them with the white foam boxes and the tub of sweet tea, then Id confidently say, Hasta luego Something that Ive sai d more times than Ive tied my shoes, and knew I couldnt it mess up. Eunice would just shake her shaved head and continue on with her business in the kitchen, probably thinking, well maybe tomorrow.Whenever business was slow wed all get a drink and a snack, and take it into the staff area. Our section looked like any opposite with a table, and four chairs, the only difference is that our spot was in the receding of the dining room by the large windows and French doors. In my opinion, these were the best seats in the whole restaurant, because you can soak in the sun, gaze upon that well-favored green grass, and for us, we would be able to see anyone who comes in to the restaurant. Occasionally, when the course was dead and the weather was to our liking, wed go outside and sit leisurely under the covered deck. stop our eyes tilting our heads back we would take in the breeze, loving the southern lazy life and wanting to be nowhere except where we were at that instant. Why do the sim ple pleasures in life always feel like youve just hit a grand slam?It was in that particular moment when I thought to myself Its hard to make a pair of jeans that fit, hug, and compliment in all the right places, but its even harder to find people who do the same. indoors the restaurant I had found my perfect pair of jeans. They were my encouragers for an upcoming Statistics Test, they were my motivators for my non-existent love life, and they were even my family to offer advice about friendships and the rigors of life. Faded glory though they were, full of faults and flaws, I knew Id never throw them away.Who is to say for sure, if no one ever left everything would remain the same? The paradise I live, is with the perception of a nineteen year old girl, how do I know that they see this occupation the same as I? Who is to say that even if I never left, Eunice or my other coworkers wouldnt leave also? Not knowing answers to such questions, I do know that I dont want to take those c hances and leaving would only be in my best interest.Everyone stays a little longer for me that day. We talk and laugh as is our wont they drink a little as is their habit, and we settle into our self-possessed and familiar rhythm of the enjoyment of each others company. We reminisce of the first day I came to the restaurant and had become lost for about an hour trying to find our supply trailer, which should have taken me five minutes at most. They talk about how I backed the brand new food cart into a tree while golfers were at play, and was dully written up. Or about when I mistook the golf balls on the range as Easter eggs that humankind err is their favorite and to prove it, they laugh louder, longer and harder. All my antics were recreated and reenacted, as if I didnt live the experiences myself.Of course I didnt mind their teasing they were my foster family, and I was going to miss them. Like an avid reader is reluctant to come to the conclusion of their favorite novel, I t oo am loath to say good day to this exciting chapter of my life, but at the same time am anxious to see what life has in store next. The sun descends and our shadows grow taller and leaner we know that it is time to go. After hugs and kisses, once promises to write and call had been made, the last car pulls out of the parking lot. I stand still for a time, remembering how I began here as an unsure, lost, and clumsy girl. Now I was leaving as a confident, ambitious, clumsy young lady. I stop to appreciate experience and all that she has taught me.

Legacy of colonialism and the economic development

One of the impacts of colonialism is in the development of trade and commerce amongst regions and countries that continue to be major factors in at presents economics. South Asias economy re principal(prenominal)s intimately connected to that of its colonizers, primarily with that of the joined dry lands. One of the key studies in the development of colonial to modern economics in the region is that of India (United Nations, 2003).The British East India Company was instrumental in expanding and ontogeny Indias economy at the beginning of the 17th century (Reddaway, 1962). At the beginning, the Company had little leverage on the trade since India had little demand for the goods that it brought to the area but traders made lucrative profits in bringing Indian products to Europe. The commercial reforms reflected British policies and administration but also paved the way for the Indian traders and businesses who became significant in international commerce in the 18th century.The de velopment of the agrarian economy, which similarly is a focus of current development objective of India, became the main industry. The policies integrated to the Indian customs and thus it did not significantly change the economic structure of the country but it provided more ground for UK companies to be launch in the country (Rothermund, 1993).The shift in power developed through the India was effectively colonized by the crown, but the countrys economy remained tight linked with that of the UK (United Nations, 2003). The impact of such a relationship defied the prevalence of the US and Japan in Asian economics. One of the main reasons for the scenario is the degree by which tender and cultural governs have been adopted by both countries. Support to UK companies and enterprises have been attributed to the number of Indian immigrants in the UK as well as of British citizens in India (Rothermund, 1991).According to the assessment of the management firm, McKinsey & Company (2004) , the history shared by India and the UK, both good and bad, has created long-term and successful partnerships that remain to be the critical factors with either country. The sizeableness of economic systems and businesses established since the colonization of India is evident in the degree of confidence given to them in the countrys stock grocery stores which have traditionally been traditionalist outside of the information technology industry (Levine & Zervos, 1996). Warren (1980) believes that countries that have a colonial history have adopted the capitalism that prevails in most of these countries today because imperialism has crated the economic and industrial foundations suited to capitalist economies.Rothermund (1993) furthermore points out that beyond the business and economic structures, the influence of colonialism can also be seen in the standards, practices and market preferences of Indian businesses majority of Indian business follow UK standards and prefer exportin g to Europe than to the US, though McKinsey & Company (2004) qualifies such conditions maybe because of the Chinas control in US partnerships. Another indication of the influence of Indias colonial history is that most of its business leaders have been educated in the United Kingdom and the adoption of UK bases English to business communications.In conclusion, the impact of Indias colonial experience is apparent in the economic and business structures that still serve as the main architectecture of its industries. The influence can also be seen in the preferences and treatment of UK and Indian businesses of each other in both countries. Another indication of this influence is the characteristics of its markets, investments and policies that are in place both as a response to the needs of existing industries but also because of the close social and political ties mingled with the two countries.ReferencesLevine, R. and Zervos, S. (1996). Stock Market Development and Long-Run Growth. The World Economic Review, 10, p.323-339.McKinsey & Company (2004). China and India The Race to Growth. McKinsey Quarterly . Retrieved on June 7, 2007 from http//www.mckinseyquarterly.com/article_page.aspx?L2=19&L3=67&ar=1487&pagenum=1.Reddaway, W.B. (1962). The Development of the Indian Economy. Homewood, IL R.D. Irwin.Rothermund, D. (1993) An Economic History of India From Pre-Colonial Times to 1991. New York Routledge.United Nations (2003). Country fact sheet India. World Investment Report 2003 FDI Policies for Development discipline and International PerpectivesPerspectives. New York United Nations Publications, E.03.II.D.8.Warren, B. (1980). Imperialism Pioneer of Capitalism. London Verso Press.

Medicaid Essay Essay

As I understood Medicaid are those personal cares operate which are fundamental, non-acute services provided to facilitate recipients who require tending with the activities of day-to-day living to remain in their home or community, maintain their current health status and prevent, delay, or minimize deterioration of their condition. Personal care services are intended to supplement care provided by a recipients family or primary caregiver, not replace it. Services may be provided in the home or in setting outside the home, when necessary.The government took an active role in the economy during the 1960s and 1970s. In order to pass water the economy, they ran annual budgets in a conscious attempt to spend more than they collected in revenue. Spending, inflation, and budget deficits were viewed as calculated efforts in expanding the economy. As a result this application Medicaid was created in 1965.Medicaid is a social design which provides health and medical assistance to famili es with starting time incomes and resources. Medicaid is funded by both the Federal Government and case-by-case bring ups. Each state is responsible for developing its own guidelines which must include legibility, amount of services to be available, rate of payments for services, and administering its own programs.These conditions vary from state to state and are subject to change on a yearly basis. The qualifications of Medicaid recipients may differ according to each states guidelinesMedicaid is the largest program run by the Federal Government and states that assists low income families that can not otherwise afford the high terms of health care. Medicaid pays for more services for which Medicare does not.Medicaid rules vary depend on each state. Medicaid information is accessible at your local district social services, interests or Department of Human Services Offices. In many states, Medicaid covers services and costs Medicare do not cover, including prescription drugs, dia gnostic andpreventive care and eyeglasses. In most states, Medicaid charges consumers small amounts for certain services.In New England, for example the deficits are cause government directors to turn to cuts in many critical areas, including health department budgets. The states are in the point of making difficult decisions that will certainly puddle lethal affects on the health care system. The Congress should support short term fiscal relief to help the state through this budget crisis. by dint of fiscal year in 2003 Budget Ax hit Medicaid for second time, approximately every state has showed health insurance programs for the poor, elderly and incapacitate to ease sever budget deficits, and two thirds of those states are on their second round of such cuts. One of the reason states are targeting Medicaid programs for cuts, is because health care programs are the some likely to be over budget.A proposition of eliminating health care coverage for about 300,000 low income pa rents by lowering the eligibility sill from 100% of the poverty take aim to 61% was held in California. Also New Jersey has started the phase out conscription for stumpy profits parents in the states joint Medicaid. Tennessee has already implemented changes that will abolish health care goodyment for between 160,000 and 250,000 adults and children. Oklahoma lawmakers have accepted cuts to Medicaid that will quickly cause about 80,000 children, adults, seniors, and disabled people to be dropped from coverage, as well as near elimination of the states plan.More than one quarter of adult Medicaid enrolls have at least one chronic condition. They often finish taking conflicting medications. Florida is a good example of heavily touted cost savings are proving ruffianly in several states that have tried the approach. There are so many poor and disabled people on Missouris Medicaid program that would chip in for their medical costs under one money saving measure proposed by Governor Bob Holden. He recommended $280 million in budget cuts and savings and a part of it to changes related to the Medicaid health insurance program.Most of the Missouris Medicaid recipients do not pay for doctors visits, although many do pay co payments on prescription drugs. The Missouri Medicaid Programprovides health care access to low income people who are 65s or over, blind, disabled, or members of families with dependent children. The Missouri Medicaid program is jointly financed by the federal government and Missouri State Government, and is administered by the State of Missouri, charged with administration of the Medicaid program is the Division of Medical Services, a division within the Department of Social Services.The state also has a limited medical assistance program which is funded with General Revenue and Blind Pension funds. In Washington, said that two thirds of the states are cutting Medical benefits, increasing co payments, circumscribe eligibility or removing poor peo ple from the rolls because of soaring costs and plunging revenues. A new survey of all fifty states, finds that 16 are cutting Medicaid benefits, fifteen are restricting or reducing eligibility and four are increasing the co payments charged to beneficiaries. Medicaid provides health care for more than 40 million people, at an annual cost of more that $250 billion.The federal government and the states share cost, which rose 13 portion in the last fiscal year, the biggest increase. Washington State and Oregon took pride in expanding Medicaid and other health programs a decade ago, but now are wrestling with the unlikable alternative of whether to cut benefits or end legibility for some recipients. In California, proposed cutbacks that would remove nearly 500,000 low income parents from Medicaid, and state officials say even more saving will be needed. New Jersey is curtailing coverage for low income parents, by stridently dropping the greatest profits for new applicants. In Connecti cut, the governs, recently planned eliminating coverage for thousands of parents in households with incomes from 100 percent to 150 percent of the deficiency level.States are giving some flexibility in providing coverage to its needy citizens because of the cost of the Medicaid program is shared by the state and federal governments. An individual(a) who is chosen in South Carolina is not necessarily eligible in another state. South Carolina pays its physicians among the lowest Medicaid fees in the country, which is especially hard on doctors who treat a high proportion of patients who are enrolled in the program. Medicaid is already the largest and the fastestgrowing element of most state budgets. This had made it a prime target of cost cutting efforts that nearly every states is now undertaking to make up for large budget shortfalls.Some states like South Carolina, have included, Medicaid cuts as part of across the board spending reductions. Others, such as Indiana and Illinois, h ave specifically targeted their Medicaid programs for reduction of hundreds of millions of dollars. There are many reasons for variation in Medicaid coverage and expenditures, these variations incentives that are inherent in the federal matching formula. But they also reflect a states ability to pay for these services, its governmental philosophy toward welfare families, and its recent efforts to expand coverage to pregnant women and children. The states make different decision with regard to coverage and benefits in both acute and eagle-eyed term care.Medicaid financed together by the federal government and the states, is the major foundation of health care funding for the low profits population in the fall in States. While states have considerable flexibility within federal guidelines, Medicaid programs differ across states in the numbers of community they cover and the amounts they splurge on services.

Limited Household Participation in the Stock Market Phenomenon Analysis

LIMITED HOUSEHOLD PARTICIPATION IN THE STOCK MARKET PHENOMENON ANALYSIS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION3 2. FACTORS THAT DETERMINE STOCKHOLDING DECISION OF HOUSEHOLDS4 2. 1. Wealth4 2. 2. cognizance quotient (IQ) and cognitive skills4 2. 3. Education4 2. 4. Country4 2. 5. Information availability and ease to trade6 2. 6. trade trust6 2. 7. Age7 2. 8. Marital status7 2. 9. Sociability (social interaction)8 2. 10. Personal values9 2. 11. Life satisfaction9 2. 12. Health10 2. 3. Risk aversion10 3. CONCLUSIONS12 4. REFERENCES13 1. INTRODUCTION There argon a quid of researches made to setigate the reasons why places involution in the inventorying market is relatively low. tally to the images, but 21% of EU kinspersons enter in stockholdings (European Survey of Consumer Finances, 2009). This looks irrational because the majority of the society members do non capture their chance to win additional benefits from their wealth in the stock market.The purpose of this alpha re search is to provide general insights approximately current status of plates stock market alliance and explain the variables that have effects on stockholding determination by homes. Currently, the rest homes aimment take aim can be treated as market inefficiency due to irrational or unconscious households behavior. However, in that location is a number of external factors that influence the stopping point making in this field too.The statistics from variuos countries imply differences as yet among highly developed countries with similar GDP per capita like Italy with 14% and UK with 26% households stockholding level (European Survey of Consumer Finances, 2009). This means that there argon externalities that lead to such differences and non just irrational households behavior determine the situation. To draw the generous picture, this research focuses on both fictitious characters of factors internal and external. The following chapters include short analysis of the main factors that have impact on household stockholding decision and the summary. . FACTORS THAT DETERMINE STOCKHOLDING DECISION OF HOUSEHOLDS 2. 1. Wealth Wealth refers to accumulated real and intangible assets. It is obvious that for stock drop households need to have some tangible assets to buy stocks. Therefore, wealth is one of the main factors that determine whether a household can actually invest, or in other words, convert savings to investing. accord to the survey, 31% of respondents in EU state that they have some savings but do not participate in any kind of commit (European Survey of Consumer Finances, 2009).Households starting to invest face a number of be such as succession spent to understand the stock market system, exhaust familiar with markets situation and trading flow. It may seem that the knowledge gain does not cost anything but there are prospect costs when it comes to time. other than that, there are in like manner some direct tangible costs like transaction costs, taxes and other fees for the brokerage. Of course for wealthier households this kind of barriers are less relevant, however, poorer households mightiness be considering if possible benefits outweigh the costs. . 2. Intelligence quotient (IQ) and cognitive skills IQ is probably the most common measure to assess human intelligence. There is no un plasteredty that beneficial stockholding requires appropriate level of intelligence to make good investing decisions. According to recent researches, there is a correlation between IQ and participation in stock market (IQ and straining market place Participation, 2011). Households heads with higher IQ tend to diversify, hold mutual funds, more than than(prenominal) stocks and eventually bear glare fortunes with higher returns.In addition to IQ, it is worth to mention cognitive skills that have impact on participation and successfullness of stockholding. Good cognitive skills lead to lower time costs for getting k nowledge and higher awareness that are so authoritative for investing. 2. 3. Education In general, education provides a lot of advantages for societies and its members. Self development is crucial to gain cognitive skills, general knowledge, increase awareness and gain variuos experiences. These are the traits necessary for successful participation in stock markets.It is proven that education has controlling correlation with households stockholding participation. More specifically, even one additional year of schooling increases the possibility of participation by 7% 8% (Stock market participation and household characteristics in Europe, 2010). Moreover, decisions making of educated households heads are more rational. 2. 4. Country As it is mentioned in the introduction, different countries have created different environments for stock markets and, therefore, this is one more factor that can influence households stockholding decision.More specifically, governing bodys can influe nce investment climate by adjusting such variables as taxes, laws, infrastructure, education, general countrys perceptual constancy and even more. The Figure 1 below represents country specific percentage of households having direct and indirect stockholdings between 2006 and 2007 (Stock market participation and household characteristics in Europe, 2010). Figure 1. Stock market participation and household characteristics in Europe, 2010. In order to improve the opportunities for households to participate in tock markets, period at the kindred time to make it easier to enter the above-mentioned markets to new entrants, and to improve the conditions of participation for existing participants, and finally to ensure the stability of pecuniary markets, governing body often takes appropriate actions, whose has a relatively high impact on the further development of stock markets. Government must ensure the macroeconomic stability of financial markets, while at the same time they mu st ensure the existence of an sensory(a) economy.A theory of an open economy is very important on the development of stock markets, because only in this case good deal and companies can freely trade in goods and services with other people and businesses, so that has a major impact on the growth of financial markets. Another neccessary condition for the success of any stock market is its repayment of stock dividends culture before making any type of investment it must be ensured that stockholders will be allowed to get their dividends at a pre-determined time and at a pre-determined amounts.Talking about ensuring the fair trading process, European Union in 2004 released the EUs Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) (this directive was implemented three years later, in 2007), in order to open the door to the creation of new trading platforms at a time operated by intermediaries, and in 2008, nine major investment banks (BNP Paribas, Citi, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, Societe Generale and UBS) has launched new pan-European equities trading platform (based in London) called Project Turquoise.Has this directive had an impact on stock markets? Yes. The issuance of this directive led European Union to increase competition and consumer protection in investment services. In order to complete this section about relevant government efforts, we must conclude that the relevant government actions truly has a large effect on the growth of stock (and bond) markets, promotes fair trade among all countries included in the process of buying / selling stocks, and eventually influences countrys economic level to ncrease. But are these actions sufficient enough in order to ensure the increase of the involvement of households in the stock markets in the future? 2. 5. Information availability and ease to trade Technologies and their development have huge impact on universal households life. Although nowadays the major ity of wealthy households have ability to use the Internet, cardinal decades earlier this was different and households participation in stock market rate was different too.The research of impact of the Internet to stock market participation reveals that there are strong evidences that the Internet penetration contributed to increased amount of households participating in stock market (Stock Market Participation and the Internet, 2008). According to the same research, the enjoyment of the Internet increases the possibility to have stocks by 7%. This is mostly because of ease of stock trading (online trading), lower transaction costs and lower information costs. 2. 6. Market trustTrust is important factor for households decision to invest in stock market. Financial markets involve much put on the line and uncertainty. To tell the truth, the majority of households whose invest in stocks dont fully understand how the capital markets actually function. There needs to be some faith and certainty in this process. If it is known that a certain person or a company is unreliable and untrustworthy, you, simply, dont want to have any kind of business and common interests with them. The same is with households.In decision making whether to buy stocks, investors takes into account the put on the line of being cheated, so those households, whose generally are more trusting, are also more likely to invest in the financial markets, and those who are less trusting are less likely to invest in the market. Collapses of financial markets and its key participants individual companies (when fraud was initiated and tolerated by heads of major companies) not only lowers the distribution of expected payoffs, but at the same time reduces the confidence in the system, which generates these enefits. A great example company Enron. Enron was one of the biggest U. S. free energy companies, however, when it was revealed lots of obscure in accounting procedures (it can be considered as a fraud), performed in 1990 on both Enron and its partner, accounting company Arthur Andersen, there was a bankruptcy initiated on Enron it was the largest bankruptcy in U. S. history. Share price fell from $ 90 to a few cents, and since those shares was considered to be very reliable, this bankruptcy was considered as happening in the financial world.Companys shareholders lost nearly $11 billion. What do you think, what impact do these examples of companies breakdowns have on the growth in confidence in financial markets? 2. 7. Age Another provoke fact in observing restrict household stock market participation phenomenon age. One of the factors that influence households decisions about stockholdings is the ages effect on risk tolerance. There was a research done, in order to identify the risk tolerance level within specified age groups, and it showed that the risk tolerance decreases within the age.According to a research done by Rui Yao, Michael S. Gutter, and Sherman D. Han na, where they analyzed the effect of die hard and ethnicity on subjective financial risk tolerance, measuring age as a continuous variable, found out that all(prenominal) year increase in age decreased a probability of taking any type of risk by almost 2 %. Another factor, having significant impact on household investment decisions according to its age, is income.As this factor was discussed at one of the beginning pages of this research paper, it is worth to remind that different age groups receives different amounts of wages, what has an impact on their ability to act and to invest in financial markets. Finally, it is an interesting fact that interpersonal trust (trust is our antecedently described factor due to limited household participation in stock market, but this time this factor is viewed from a slightly different perspective) is more important for stock market participation decision within younger age groups and political orientation within older age groups. . 8. Marita l status Its not a secret that married status is another important factor, which has a significant impact on households decisions whether to participate in the stock market or not. unify people are more willing to take (and share with each other) a certain level of risk than those, whose are dungeon alone, and those, whose are living together, but are not married at all. There was a research done in order to identify the effects of marriage and split up on financial investments.According to this research, women are more likely to invest in the stock market subsequently their marriage, and take back their investment after divorce, while at the same time men shows quite different patterns on investment decisions. This suggests that the female gender is more risk indisposed(predicate) than men (risk averse is also identified as one of the factors that has an impact on households investment decisions in the stock market), but in terms of couples who are married, a degree of risk mo re or less evenly distributes among themselves.It is worth to mention that marriage increases the likelihood of future investments in the financial markets for both men and women. There are lots of household finance literature available both online and in libraries, where it is often highlighted the differences in men and women behaviors while investing (marital status, as one of the factors having impact on households decision whether to participate in stock market or not, can be analyzed in a littler buffalo chip different way.Thats true by gender and by risk level each gender has possibility to take on themselves). According to the literature, the differences on investment preferences between men and women are more exposed, when individuals rather than married couples are being analyzed, because as it was mentioned earlier, married investors takes more risk than single investors. A distribution in risk by gender, talking in terms of marital status, is not the only reason for l imited household participation in stock market. There an be distinguished several different factors, attributable to marital status its changes in household risk preferences, changes in background risks, and, also, changes in economic resources. 2. 9. Sociability (social interaction) Is it not true that working with a good company of friends involves more fun and at the same time the overall productivity increases? At the same time, dont you feel safer when you purchase a good, that was tested by people living in your environment, and it was recommended as a reliable and useful good?Another example would be a participation in any social program, where there previously participated, for example, your neighbours or friends your decision-making process is very strongly influenced by the people of your environment, and here takes place the so-called phenomenon of word-of-mouth communication. All these examples perfectly suites to define one more factor, which explains limited househol d participation in stock market phenomenon it is sociability, or, in other words, households social interaction.Harvard Business School provides us with an opportunity to observe their findings about sociabilitys impact on stockholding decisions. Firstly, according to a research done, social households those households, that has friendly and warm relations with their neighbours, are more likely to participate in stock markets, than those, whose relations with their neighbours are ruined or there arent any neighbours in their environment. Secondly, as the verification of the first claim about sociability, researchers indicates that the impact of sociability is much more higher in those states with higher stock market participation rates.Quite unexpected, discipline? Finally, they found out that differential between social and non-social households appears to have widened since 1990s. We often encounter with word-of-mouth communications impact in our everydays life, but when you a re toilsome to assess sociabilitys influence on household decisions whether to participate on stock markets or not, you then make out the true power of a word. Word-of-mouth information sharing is key point in understanding sociability as another factor of limited household stockholding decisions, so we state that theres a significant impact of social interaction on such like household decisions. 2. 10. Personal values This research is gradually beginning to analyze not only the superficial factors, that affects household decisions related to stock market participation, but it also tries to look a little bit deeper into personal characteristics of an investor. One of the most important internal factor, having a great impact on investors financial decisions, is personal values of an individual.A technical definition of personal values would be that its the strongest internal provisions, having a large impact on our everyday decisions. Those everyday decisions are better know as our consumption decisions, they are also a major driver of our voting decisions and so on. Compared to other internal factors, such as risk aversion or life satisfaction (those are our next two internal factors, whose will be discussed a little bit later in this research), studies about personal values and its impact on our everydays life are more preferable by immediatelys researchers.According to their findings, personal values are connected to various demographic variables, i. e. Self-Transcedence and Openness to Change are the values that are proven to become more important when the level of education gets higher. It have also been proven that personal values are associated with social involvement, where, according to researchers, social involvement increases with the level of education. Finally, about two thirds of all studies shows that political orientation has strongest association with personal values.As every person has different values, the same is with political orientatio n as there are many factors modify citizens lives, such as the income inequality, national security and so on, it is natural, however, that different values are emphasized in different environments. So whats a true effect of personal values on investment decisions? Firstly, people with self-enhancement values of power and achievement are more likely to invest in stock markets than the others.And secondly, it is observed that personal values have a significant impact on those groups of people and their decisions, where investing in stock markets is relatively rare. 2. 11. Life satisfaction Isnt it true that happier, more optimistic and satisfied with their life people embraces better decisions? What are the differences between pessimistic and optimistic people? Optimists are more likely to believe that future economic conditions will improve. On the other hand, it is observed that optimistic people are working thirster hours, they are more likely to remarry after divorce.So, opti mism and life satisfaction are other important factors influencing households economy-related decisions. There was a research by Cambridge universitys researchers done, where they found that optimism is highly correlated with stock ownership. People with higher levels of life satisfaction lives longer. Mostly. Therefore they think they are further from retirement, hence they are difficult to control financial factors that are known that could affect their lifespan.Its a fact, that people, whose are more satisfied with their life, are working more, they are less pre-disposed towards retirement. What is more, it is more likely that one day theyll create any kind of business, so theyll become self-employed. Finally, optimistic people are more likely to remarry after divorce. All of this suggests that life satisfaction and optimism truly is a critical component of economic-decision making, and that those two factors plays an important role both on household decisions related to stock m arket participation and economic welfare of stockholders. . 12. Health Health risk is increasingly viewed as an important form of background risk that affects household portfolio decisions. According to households level of wellness (whether its poor or good) theres a possibility to detect whether household is willing to participate on the stock market or not poor health is associated with smaller amount of risky assets and greater amount of safe assets. Researchers are trying to evaluate the links between health, health risk and portfolio selection.Recently it was observed that it does not matter whether households are trying to control their level of income and variety of socio-demographic characteristics, poor health decreases the probability of owning risky assets for example, those households with poor health entails a higher risk of unexpected out-of-pocket medical examination expenditures, and prefers to own a corporate or government bond instead of holding a stock. Despite the fact that health risk quite often leads to a previously mentioned higher out-of-pocket medical expenditure risk, two possible outcomes can arise from such things.In particular, households may start changing the allocation of their financial resources, that can reduce their exposure to financial risk. On the second case, households can increase their precautionary saving, what reduces their ability to act in stock markets. At this point it is worth to mention that the intervention of government organizations reduces the impact of health risks related to households stockholding decisions. Thats why it is observed that countries without adequate health care laws tends not to invest in risky financial assets, so this suggests an important role of such laws in shaping households portfolio decisions. . 13. Risk aversion Finally, last but not least factor, which had a significant role on this entire research. Thats risk aversion. Weve emphasized different levels of risks on our stud y and their impact on household stockholding decisions, such as health risk or the age effect on risk tolerance. It has became clear that risk aversion reduces the probability of households investments on risky assets. As the standard portfolio theory states, the amount of wealth a person wishes o invest in risky assets, depends directly on his degree of risk aversion, so it is logical to assume that if a person is more risk averse, he will hold safer portfolios. There was a research done several years in a row (from 1998 to 2001), where researchers found out that risk aversion has an effect not only on the structure of portfolio, but it also has an impact on the final decision whether an individual wants to become a stockholder (you should remember that previously we had a little discussion about that entry costs affects individuals stock market participation decisions, too).Finally, talking about risk aversions relation to other factors affecting stockholding decisions, it is foun d that risk aversion is negatively correlated with wealth. Thats true risk aversion decreases when wealth levels increases, and vice versa. To complete our discussion, another interesting fact it was identified, that women are more risk averse than men, however, differences between genders, tends to be larger in single households (remember what effect on households decisions on stockholding has marital status). 3. CONCLUSIONSIn general, all present researches about the topic agree that household stock market participation currently is not at the expeditious point. There are a lot of complex factors that have impact on household stockholding decision and those have been discussed. However, some researchers observe even more correlations with stockholding decision and such interesting variables as race or living place but due to the limited scope of this preliminary research, these interesting factors are not taken into consideration. Needless to say, there are plenty of not menti oned factors that determine the level of stockholding.Of course, the governments are motivated to encourage investment level of households to make stock markets more efficient. There are some great examples how particular countries managed to increase the level of household stockholding over time. However, the complexness of the factors that lead to higher efficiency in each country are hard to determine and need further analysis to determine what works for each country particularly. Unfortunately, not all factors can be stabilized by the government. The global financial crisis of 2007-2008 showed that trust crisis in stock markets can not be handled so easily.Therefore, the only way to ensure sustainable stockholding growth is to adjust the system itself and add measures that could protect stockholders and decrease the possibility of such recessions. 4. REFERENCES 1. throng P. Dow, Jr. , Age, investing horizon and asset allocation, 2008 2. George Korniotis, Does Investment Skill De cline due to cognitive Aging or Improve with Experience? , 2007 3. Sule Alan, admittance Costs and Stock Market Participation Over the Life Cycle, 2006 4. 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